Effect of Various Fertilizer Systems on the Productivity of Spring Wheat in a Long-Term Stationary Experiment

The results of observations of the reaction of plants to the use of 6 fertilizer systems tested for 24 years in repeated sowing of spring soft wheat after stubble are presented. Visual and phenological observations of plants revealed the features of their growth and development on unfertilized and fertilized backgrounds. The determination of the contamination of the crop revealed the effect of fertilizers on the proportion of wheat and weeds in the sheaf mass during the formation phase of the grain. In most of the years of this experience, fertilizers did not increase the contamination of crops, only for 5 out of 18 years such a negative effect was noted. The indicators of the structure of the wheat harvest (the number of ears per 1 m², earliness, and the weight of 1000 grains) improved with the use of fertilizers, especially in years with sufficient moisture. The gluten content in grain and flour when fertilizing in doses of N40–60 without P20 and against its background increased significantly, increasing the frequency of years with grade 3 wheat quality. An agrotechnical and economic assessment of 6 permanent wheat fertilizer systems after stubble identified 4 options with a payback rate close to obtaining 10 kg of grain per 1 kg of the active ingredient of fertilizers.