


Vol 103, No 10 (2024)
- Year: 2024
- Published: 15.10.2024
- Articles: 27
- URL: https://edgccjournal.org/0016-9900/issue/view/10205
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Detection of control indices and safety levels for the use of anti-icing materials for the hygienic assessment of environmental objects
Abstract
Introduction. There is a potential danger of long-term accumulation of salts and, as a consequence, their adverse impact on the environment. The desire to prevent this danger dictates the need to detect indices that will be in demand for measures to control the use of deicing materials (DIM).
The purpose of the work is to select a set of indicators and determine their acceptable level.
Materials and methods. The assessment of the impact of de-icing materials (DIM) was carried out using samples of snow mass and soil selected from twenty reference points located in various areas of the Moscow city. An analysis was performed to characterize the selected samples according to the following indices: the content of Na+, Cl– ions, total salt content determined by the specific electrical conductivity (EC), the total heavy metal contamination (Zc) and the content of adsorbed sodium (SAR). For ecotoxicological assessment, the work used integral research methods — bioassay using a battery of test organisms. Statistical data processing included cluster and regression analysis.
Results. As shown by chemical-analytical and biological research methods, with the use of DIM,a large amount of salts enters the soil surface along with the snow mass. The concentrations of Na+ in the snow mass ranged from 28.3 to 3232.8 mg/L, Cl– from 278.7 to 3965.3 mg/L. In soil samples, the average Na+ content was 1084 mg/kg, while the content in the control sample was 101.5 mg/kg. The maximum EC values for snow samples were 1–5 mS/cm, and for soil samples — 0.420–0.605 mS/cm. The pollution index (Zc) of the soil corresponded to a low level; the snow mass samples fell into the category of moderately polluted. More than 50% of water extracts from the studied soil samples had an adversee impact on the vital (generative) response function of the test organisms Tetrahymena pyriformis.
Limitations. The limitations of the research are that sampling should take place during the period of snow cover and after complete snowmelt, that is, in the winter-spring period. These studies can be recommended for urban areas where the use of DIM, which contain water-soluble salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals, has been practiced for a number of years.
Conclusion. Monitoring the impact of DIM on the soil cover should be carried out by detecting the following maximum permissible values in snow mass samples: EC — 5.0 mS/cm; Na+ — 4000 mg/L Soil samples should be monitored according to the SAR index, which reflects the salts concentration present in the soil. Additional characteristics of the studied samples for the content of undetected pollutants can be carried out using integral biotesting methods.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the presentation of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Voronina L.P., Doneryan L.G. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text, editing;
Sbitnev A.V. — collection and processing of material, writing text, editing;
Vodanova M.A. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 16, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Hygienic control and assessment of the risk of contamination of the indoor environment with microscopic fungi
Abstract
Introduction. The article provides a rationale for the methods of detection, criteria, and indices for assessing the health hazard for the population from contamination of air and wall structures of premises with permanent human presence by microscopic fungi.
Materials and methods. An analysis of domestic and foreign scientific reports and regulatory and methodological documents on the issue of assessing and regulating pollution of the indoor environment by microscopic fungi was carried out. A comparative assessment of the content of fungal flora in apartments of healthy individuals and individuals with allergy pathology was carried out, as well as an analysis of the results of population surveys using invasive and non-invasive research methods.
Results. Based on the analysis of scientific literature data and own research, there was made an assessment of the impact of various levels of microscopic fungi in indoor air on the health of residents. It was shown that with a mold concentration below 500 CFU/m³, the presence of visible fungal infection was not detected, and no effect on health was established. In the presence of visible foci of fungal infection of more than 5% of the total area of the walls, floor, ceiling, the content of microscopic fungi in the air exceeds 1000 CFU/m³, in previous studies, with a mold content in the air over 1500 CFU/m³, an increase in the level of specific IgE in the blood serum in children was previously established, and in allergy sufferers, an exacerbation of allergic reponses is possible. When the content of microscopic fungi in the air is above 2000 CFU/m³ in the premises, there are lesions of more than 10% of the surface area of enclosing structures, a reliable increase in allergic pathology and a reliable change in the cytological indices of the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose are noted.
Limitations. The results of this study do not apply to premises of livestock and poultry complexes, as well as biological industry enterprises.
Conclusion. The concentration of microscopic fungi in indoor air, not exceeding 500 CFU per 1 m³, can be considered as an acceptable level of their total content in the air of premises with constant occupancy. This concentration corresponds to the content of fungal spores in the atmospheric air, indicates to the absence of foci of fungal infection of wall structures, should not cause the development of allergic responses in healthy individuals and is consistent with WHO recommendations on the standardization of this factor.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.
Contributions:
Kalinina N.V. — concept and design of the study; data collection and processing, text writing;
Slobodyan V.G. — editing;
Starodubova N.Yu. — concept and design of the study;
Gaponova E.B. — data collection and processing;
Banin I.M. — data collection and processing, statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 5, 2024 / Revised: August 7, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Detection of volatile organic compounds in soils (literature review)
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are major environmental pollutants. Due to their high mobility, they penetrate into all environmental objects, pose an environmental threat and health risks. Getting into the soil, they deteriorate its quality. VOC content requires reliable control. There is presented a review of the literature, including methods of the US Environmental Protection Agency, and regulatory and methodological documents of the Russian Federation regulating methods of selection, storage, preparation and analysis of soil samples for VOC content.
The dominant place among methods for monitoring for VOCs belongs to gas chromatography with various types of detectors. For multicomponent analysis of complex objects, gas chromatography with mass selective detection is used due to the wide capabilities provided by the mass detector. A universal mass spectrometry method used in analytical laboratories is electron impact ionization mass spectrometry. For research purposes, modern highly sensitive methods are used – mass spectrometry based on the proton transfer reaction PTR-MS, ion trap mass spectrometry PIT-MS, negative ion ionization mass spectrometry NI-PT-CIMS, time-of-flight mass spectrometry of the transfer reaction proton PTR-TOF-MS.
The collection and storage of samples for VOC analysis requires compliance with regulations to prevent both loss of analytes and sample contamination. Sample preparation includes methods such as vacuum and azeotropic distillation, thermal desorption, liquid extraction, various options for static and dynamic headspace analysis.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study was supported by the state assignment, code “Monitoring”.
Received: July 7, 2024 / Revised: July 31, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Actual issues of justifying the size of the sanitary protection zone of an enterprise, taking into account odour in atmospheric air
Abstract
Introduction. The basis for determining the size of the sanitary protection zone (SPZ) is the classification of potentially hazardous objects taking into account a specific industry. At the same time, emissions from a significant number of industries contain substances possessing of an odour. The smell can spread over significant distances, exceeding the SPZ size, being the cause of frequent complaints from the population. However, taking into account the odour when justifying the SPZ size remains an unresolved methodological, scientific, and legal problem.
The purpose of the study. Hazard assessment of enterprises (productions) taking into account the criterion of odour in the atmospheric air of populated areas with the development of methodological approaches to substantiate the size of the SPZ.
Materials and methods. A coffee production company was selected as a pilot facility. The design documentation of the development of maximum permissible emissions (MPE), justification of the SPZ size, protocols of ambient air pollution assessment has been studied. The risk assessment to public health has been carried out in accordance with Guidance 2.1.10.1920–04. Olfacto-odourimetric and chromatography-mass spectrometry studies of emissions and ambient air in the vicinity of enterprise have been conducted.
Results. For the production under consideration, taking into account the results of olfacto-odourimetric studies, the size of the SPZ, which provides comfortable living conditions (absence of offensive odour), is 700 m from the main source, i.e. 1.3–4.5 times higher than when justified by the traditional method.
Limitations are due to the lack of standards for a significant number of volatile organic compounds present in emissions from odorous industries.
Conclusion. Methodological approaches to substantiating the hazard class and SPZ size taking into account the odour are proposed on the example of coffee production. The developed algorithm can be applied to assess the danger of various enterprises and industries whose emissions contain odorous substances.
Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Sabirova Z.F. — concept and design, collection and processing of material, writing, editing;
Budarina O.V. — concept, collection and processing of material, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study was carried out within the framework of the state task No. AAAAA-A20-120101690059-2.
Received: April 25, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Rating as a tool for increasing the level of compliance with mandatory requirements by objects of sanitary and epidemiological control (supervision)
Abstract
Introduction. The relevance of the study is determined by postulates fixed in the Concept for Improvement of Control (Supervision) Activities for the period up to 2026. It stipulates the requirement to assign a rating to each object under supervision as a tool to encourage conscientious behaviour and a mechanism that ensures easy public access to any data regarding safety of each object under control.
The aim of this study was to develop a methodology and criteria for assessing objects that are subject to sanitary-epidemiological control (supervision) to assign a proper rating to them.
Materials and methods. The approaches were based on statistical analysis of the results obtained by control, supervision, and prevention activities and on identifying levels of risks of harm to protected values, primarily, people’s lives and health.
Results. The study presents methodical instruments used for calculating relative coefficients and corresponding scores serving as criteria for identifying a rating and calculated considering actual and potential risks of health harm. Objects are rated depending on the value of this relative coefficient (from low to high ones) and estimated per a suggested scale that allows identifying the level of their relative conformity with the law. Objects in the first scale range (the lowest coefficients and highest ratings) are considered to be the most law-abiding. Objects in the fourth range (the highest coefficients and lowest ratings) are considered to have the highest risks of health harm. The latter are the first-order priority and should attract the greatest attention of regulatory authorities.
Limitations. The study has limitations as regards considering specificity of detected violations and severity of their outcomes.
Conclusion. The suggested approaches to assigning ratings to both juridical persons and production facilities of the same juridical person provide information and methodical support for the requirements fixed in the valid federal legislation and prospects for the development of the public administration. The presented tools allow more flexible planning and help to the regional offices of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing to create inspection schedules in accordance with available resources so that they can soundly concentrate their efforts on the most ‘difficult’ objects even within the same risk category. Assigning a rating to an object is a way to encourage businesses to conform to mandatory requirements (for objects with low rating) and to give them an opportunity to show their socially responsible image (for objects with high rating). Assigning a rating is an instrument keeping the civil society informed and helps to make a well-grounded choice when it comes down to objects that render various services to the population.
Compliance with the ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Zaitseva N.V. — the study concept and editing the text;
May I.V. — the study concept, writing and editing the text;
Kiryanov D.А. — the study concept and data analysis;
Sedusova E.V. — data analysis.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study was funded by the Federal Budget.
Received: August 12, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Sanitary-chemical assessment of the impact of solid municipal and industrial waste disposal sites on the soil quality
Abstract
Introduction. Currently, most of the waste is disposed of in landfills. Burial as a method of waste disposal is one of the main methods of waste management in the territories in all countries, regardless of their level of economic development. Landfills are sources of continuous and long-term chemical effects on environmental objects. Chemicals entering the soil with household and industrial waste are heavy metals and organic substances. If hygienic requirements are violated during waste disposal, the soil is primarily polluted, which can contribute to the migration of toxic substances into the media in contact with it, especially into groundwater.
The purpose of the work was to conduct a sanitary and chemical assessment of the impact of landfills on soil quality.
Materials and methods. Sanitary and chemical assessment of eighty two soil samples taken in the territories of landfills for solid household and industrial waste, and in the territory of the forest belt (background). Based on the results of the detection of gross and mobile forms of heavy metals and petroleum products in the soil, the hazard coefficient (Co) and the chemical concentration coefficient (Cs) and the total hazard coefficient Zc were calculated.
Results. A sanitary and hygienic assessment of the soils of landfills for the disposal of solid municipal and industrial waste and located on the territory of Yarovoye showed that, taking into account all the studied indices (the content of gross and mobile forms of metals, the total pollution index), these landfill soils belong to the category of moderately hazardous. The greatest contribution to soil pollution in the landfill is made by petroleum products, nickel, copper, molybdenum, chromium, lead, boron, antimony, strontium, barium in the landfill.
Limitations. The limitation of the study is that the assessment was carried out according to the content of heavy metals and petroleum products, but due to the lack of normative values, the comparison for those indicators that do not have maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) / approximate permissible concentrations (APC) was conducted with background values.
Conclusion. A sanitary and hygienic assessment of the soils of solid waste and waste disposal sites located on the territory of the city of Yarovoye showed that, taking into account all the studied indices (the content of gross and mobile forms of metals, the total pollution indicator), these soils must be classified as moderately hazardous.
Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Evseeva I.S. — concept and design of research, writing text, collecting material and processing data, editing;
Ushakova O.V. — concept and design of research, writing text, collecting material and processing data, editing;
Rusakov N.V. — research concept and design, editing;
Alekseev M.M. — material collection and data processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The research was carried out within the framework of the state assignment on the topic “Monitoring” at the Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency.
Received: July 11, 2024 / Accepted: October 02, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



The experience of using a sociological survey to assess the perception of odour and noise by the population
Abstract
Introduction. Sensory environmental factors, such as the odour of emissions from various enterprises and noise, are becoming increasingly relevant in connection with the development of industry and urban highways. This is due to their impact on the psychosomatic health of people living in areas where sources of odour and noise pollution of atmospheric air are located.
The aim of the study — to evaluate the relationship between the perception of odours present in atmospheric air and noise with the subjective assessment of health status in the population of an industrial city.
Materials and methods. The data were obtained as a result of a survey of seven hundred nineteen residents of the city with a population of about 90 thousand people, conducted over 2022. The questionnaire included questions to assess the frequency, intensity of perception of odours and noise, as well as the degree of annoyance by these factors. To study the health status of the respondents, it was suggested to note their health complaints.
Results. The study identified symptoms associated with odour and noise perception such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, annoyance, and others. These symptoms are similar for odour and noise perception.
Limitations of the study are related to a relatively small sample of interviewees, and a limited number of questions that allow assessing the relationship between the effects of the studied factors and the public health as well as the lack of data characterizing the full composition of emissions from all enterprises in the city.
Conclusion. Factors of different nature — atmospheric odours and noise, affecting various analyzers and triggering biological processes in the body, lead to similar effects through the induction of annoyance. Stress caused by annoyance by odours and noise causes a number of symptoms and diseases and, in turn, affects the work of analyzers responsible for the perception of environmental factors.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved at a meeting of the Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency (protocol No. 01/10/21 dated 10/25/2021).
Contributions:
Goshin M.E — concept and design of the study, literature review, collection and processing of material, analysis and interpretation of results, writing the text;
Sabirova Z.F. — analysis and interpretation of results, editing;
Budarina O.V. — research concept, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study was carried out within the framework of state task No. № АААА-А20-120101690059-2.
Received: July 11, 2024 / Revised: September 2, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Hygienic aspects of ensuring chemical safety of using new health-saving technologies for the utilization of biogas at solid municipal waste landfills
Abstract
Introduction. Environmental health issues are currently among the most important for the population of large administrative and industrial centers. Improving the quality of the environment and creating comfortable living conditions for humans using environmentally friendly methods is one of the current topical areas in environmental hygiene.
Materials and methods. The assessment of the effectiveness and chemical safety of the application of a new technology for the collection, purification, neutralization, and disposal of landfill gas for the content of a wide range of organic compounds C5–C20 at a municipal solid waste landfill was carried out using a chromato-mass spectrometric method that allows identifying and quantifying with sensitivity at and below hygienic standards a wide range of organic compounds C5–C20 in air with an unknown composition of pollutants.
Results. As a result of the operation of the new landfill gas purification system at the solid waste landfill, the total concentration of pollutants, including marginal and aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing compounds (alcohols, carboxylic acids), organic sulfur-containing compounds, and sulfur dioxide decreased. As a result of the operation of the new landfill gas purification technology, 100% purification from odourous dialkyl sulfides and nitrogen-containing compounds has been achieved. However, at the outlet of the system, compounds not detected at the inlet were identified, which can be considered as products of combustion and transformation of hydrocarbons that are part of landfill gas, the presence of which indicates to the use of an oxidative process in the process of its disposal.
Limitations. The study is limited to the application of the method of investigation of organic compounds with the molecular formula C5–C20.
Conclusion. For an adequate assessment of the quality and chemical safety to human health of health-saving technologies, an important condition is the use of physical-chemical studies that identify and quantify dozens of pollutants simultaneously, which makes it possible to take into account the multiple componentness of the chemical composition and the possibility of adverse side effects in the form of toxic transformation of products affecting humans in real environmental pollution conditions.
Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require local ethics committee approval.
Contribution:
Malysheva A.G. — concept and design of research, text writing, material collection and data processing, editing;
Starodubova N.Yu. — data processing, text editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 5, 2024 / Revised: August 8, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Improving experimental methods for hygienic assessment of the use of metallic materials and their alloys in drinking water supply systems
Abstract
Introduction. For many years, steel and cast iron pipes have been used in the practice of domestic drinking water supply. However, they can be a source of pollutants entering drinking water. During the hygienic assessment, special attention is paid to metal impurities in corrosion products, which under certain conditions can enter drinking water distribution systems, thereby polluting drinking water and creating a health risk.
Materials and methods. The material was scientific reports and laboratory studies on the problem of the use of metal materials and their alloys in drinking water supply systems, with special attention to the specific properties of the analyzed materials.
Results. The objective of our research is an attempt to standardize hygienic studies of metal materials (alloys) used in drinking water supply. The object developed was a research laboratory stand that recreates the conditions of a real water supply system, which makes it possible to simulate operating conditions for sanitary and chemical testing of metals and alloys intended for use in contact with drinking water. The stand guarantees a continuous flow of water through the tested material, simultaneous testing of the required number of samples, including control ones, as well as connection to cold and hot water supply systems (with test temperatures from 60 °C to 85 °C). It also allows temporarily stopping the flow of water to simulate standing water (test lines are closed for four hours before sampling), collect at least 3 liters of contact water for further testing, and also makes it easy to install the system and replace test samples.
Limitations. Modelling of operating conditions for sanitary and chemical testing was carried out on metal materials (alloys), which are one of the possible options for using materials in drinking water supply. It is necessary to conduct similar studies on other groups of materials used.
Conclusion. This stand can be used by laboratories to carry out sanitary-chemical analysis of alloys that are used in drinking water supply systems. The developed methodology makes it possible to improve the quality and accuracy of the analysis of metallic materials and alloys through the use of a unified research system.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the conclusion of the Biomedical Ethics Committee.
Contribution: all co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 5, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Assessment the effectiveness of disinfection of household wastewater using a UV complex under experimental conditions
Abstract
Introduction. One of the most effective and economically justified methods of inactivation water treatment is disinfection using UV irradiation. UV disinfection is characterized by the absence of an aftereffect, which is an undeniable advantage for wastewater treatment, since adverse environmental effects on the wastewater receiving water body are excluded. The main technological parameter that ensures proper disinfection is the UV dose.
The purpose of the study is the confirmation of the effectiveness of using the technology of UV disinfection of water with a dose of at least 30 mJ/cm2 in relation to sanitary-indicative and pathogenic microorganisms that are present in the wastewater of the Moscow metropolis.
Materials and methods. UV disinfection units DUV-1-87-N were used to conduct the experiment, providing a UV dose of at least 30 mJ/cm2 for water disinfection and an open UV irradiator SVETOLIT 50 for air disinfection manufactured by company LIT.
Results. The use of a UV dose of at least 30 mJ/cm2 for disinfection of water with a high degree of contamination of microorganisms ensures the level of contamination of microorganisms to meet the requirements of sanitary legislation in force on the territory of the Russian Federation for disinfected wastewater allowed discharging into surface waters.
Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to the equipment used for applying UV irradiation, water turbidity, and the sensitivity of microorganisms of different taxonomic groups to UV irradiation.
Conclusion. The results of the conducted experimental study can serve a justification for the UV radiation dose of 30 mJ/cm2 used for effective disinfection of viral and bacterial contamination of water with high levels of microbial contamination up to the standard permissible level of microbial contamination (in accordance with SanPiN 1.2.3685-21) of treated wastewater suitable for discharge into surface waters.
Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Zagainova A.V. — research concept and design, material collection, data processing, article writing, editing;
Lukashina M.V., Kurbatova I.V., Yudin S.M., Bolekhan V.N. — collection of material, data processing;
Kostyuchenko S.V. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Baranov V.L. — collection of material, technical support, editing;
Tkachev A.A. — concept and design of the study, collection of material, writing an article, editing;
Koroleva N.N. — concept and design of the study, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The article is based on the results of research on the scientific activities of the, obtained in research on the topic: “Development of unified methods, including sampling, for the determination of microbiological and parasitological contamination of wastewater” (code: “Wastewater”), performed under a government contract from 12.11.2021 №2123388100152000000000000/145.001.21.6.
Received: September 10, 2024 / Revised: September 30, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Risk factors for the occurring diseases associated with soil contamination among cemetery workers
Abstract
Introduction. Cemeteries are located near or on the territory of populated areas and occupy significant areas. However, the soils of cemeteries and their impact on the health of the population both living near necropolises and periodically coming into contact with the soil of burials due to ritual traditions have been little studied at present. Workers of burial grounds represent a special group.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk of occurring diseases associated with soil contamination among cemetery workers.
Materials and methods. A hygienic assessment of the soil was carried out in seven cemeteries. There was carried out a study of 3348 soil samples, of which sanitary-chemical — 432 samples, sanitary-parasitological — 540 samples, sanitary-bacteriological studies — 2376.
Results. As studies have shown, the soil in the territory of cemeteries exceeds the content of heavy metals, such as chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead. Which is an undoubted risk factor for the health of cemetery workers. Sanitary, microbiological, and parasitological studies also revealed a high biological danger of cemetery soils for workers. When calculated, the total hazard index exceeds 1, thus the likelihood of harmful effects on human health increases, and such exposure is characterized as unacceptable.
Limitations. A limitation of the study is that the assessment was carried out only on the content of heavy metals whereas organic compounds in the soil were not taken into account due to the lack of standard values.
Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Ushakova O.V. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, collecting material and processing data, editing;
Rakhmanin Yu.A. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Evseeva I.S. — collection of material and data processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The research was carried out within the framework of a state assignment on the topic “Monitoring” at the Center for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the FMBA.
Received: July 5, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Radiation safety for staff while conducting radionuclide diagnostics
Abstract
Introduction. Approximately 30% of radiation exposure in medical settings primarily stems from CT scanning (61.5%) and radionuclide procedures (12.1%). With the increasing number of examinations and doses administered to medical personnel, the issue of radiation safety is becoming increasingly pertinent. This study reviews the radiation risks for medical personnel in nuclear medicine, exemplified by PET/CT scanning with labelled compounds in Moscow, considering potential long-term health threats. The research focuses on optimizing radiation safety protocols, particularly in pediatric practice, emphasizing the importance of experienced doctors in ensuring safety and training new staff.
The study aims to systematize radiation risks for personnel in radionuclide diagnostics and develop recommendations for the safe use of 18F compounds.
Materials and methods. The study is based on comprehensive methodological approaches, including radiation control and hygienic analysis, using data from reports and scientific literature. A survey was conducted among one hundred twenty employees of a radionuclide department using a questionnaire method. Descriptive and analytical methods were applied in the research.
Results. The analysis revealed the impact of low doses of radiation on the immune system and health of the personnel, highlighting issues in the systematization and accounting of dose loads. Risks of radiation exposure to female staff, as well as during planning and pregnancy, were assessed. Information on radiation safety in pediatrics is presented.
Limitations. The article presents an analysis of the radiation doses received by the staff of a single PET center over a limited period of time.
Conclusion. The findings indicate existing monitoring systems and legislation in Russia to be insufficient to fully account for radiation risks. Special attention is necessary for women and pregnant medical workers, as well as children undergoing PET scanning. The study underscores the need for updating protocols and further research in this area.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical committee of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435, Moscow, Russian Federation (meeting protocol No. 02-23 dated 26/01/2023), and the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (as amended 2013) was carried out.
Contribution:
Zhernov Y.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text;
Zakharova A.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text;
Zabroda N.N. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Lytkyna A.O. — collection and processing of material, writing text;
Kazimov A.E. — collecting research material, writing text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 5, 2024 / Revised: August 15, 2024 / Accepted: October 10, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Sanitary and epidemiological welfare in divers
Abstract
Introduction. The issues of sanitary and epidemiological welfare in workers when performing diving operations require close attention from the state, are part of the structure of the Concept of development of diving in Russia, and are relevant to society. To date, there are several problems not only in hygienic rationing, but also in the medical provision of diving operations.
The purpose of the study is to study working conditions and subjective assessment of the health status of employees when performing diving operations, to develop proposals for improving legislation.
Materials and methods. The analysis of normative legal acts and scientific literature on the protection of the health and labor of divers is carried out. A survey of fifty diving workers was carried out.
Results. The main problems in the management of diving operations have been identified: in 15% of organizations there is no production control program, in 49% of organizations there is no therapeutic and preventive nutrition. There is no medical worker at the site of diving descents, if signs of decompression sickness or lung barotrauma are detected, therapeutic recompression is carried out in 46% of cases before the arrival of a diving doctor (paramedic) on their own. During the descents, 30% of respondents experienced fatigue, tiredness, headache, while all of them underwent mandatory medical examinations in private healthcare institutions; 18% of respondents indicated symptoms of hypothermia. At the same time, more than 60% of respondents were revealed to be subject to occupational burnout.
Limitation of the study is the lack of data on the results of preliminary and periodic medical examinations of respondents.
Conclusion. At the present stage, the system of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare during diving operations requires improvement both in terms of state rationing, accounting and control, and compliance with health-saving preventive measures by employers and employees. In particular, attention should be paid to the direction of studying the development of occupational burnout in divers and to elaborate the system of prevention.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in compliance with ethical standards. This study did not require the conclusion of the ethics committee. The survey was voluntary and depersonalized.
Contribution:
Voronkova S.V. — research concept and design, data processing, text writing, editing;
Avdienko G.Yu. — research design, data processing, text writing, editing;
Verveda A.B. — data processing, editing;
Lyovkina Y.V. — literature review, editing;
Logunov K.V. — collecting material, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 5, 2024 / Accepted: October 02, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Determining the risk level of covid-19 infection of medical workers
Abstract
Introduction. The primary task in assessing the probable risk of infection is to identify potential threats to the health and well-being of the population, determine the risks associated with the occupational activities of workers in various fields, including medical workers of various specialties, as well as analyze the effectiveness of measures already implemented to prevent them.
Materials and methods. An analysis of literature data in the Russian and English-language segments, own and dissertation research was carried out, significant factors in the spread of COVID-19 for medical workers of different specialties were identified.
Results. Based on the results of own research, the most significant risk factor in the spread of COVID-19 for medical workers was identified — failure to maintain a social distance of 1.5 meters (49.5%). An assessment was made of the level of probable risk of COVID-19 infection in the workplace for medical workers. The majority estimated the probable risk of infection at 1–2 points, which is moderate or low. Doctors — epidemiologists: about 48% of respondents spend more than 5 hours in the outbreak; 55.0% maintain a social distance of 1–1.5 meters; 65.0% of respondents visit 1–2 centers per day. General practitioners: 42.6% have contact with 5 or fewer patients; 29.5% maintain a social distance of 1–1.5 meters and 42.6% of respondents spend 5-10 minutes per patient.
Limitations. To implement this study, the required number of respondents was calculated using the method proposed by Viechtbauer W. et al. (2015). In this case, a 95% confidence interval and an expected response rate of 0.05 were set. According to the results obtained, at least ninety two people should take part in the study, which is a sufficient reference sample.
Conclusion. According to epidemiologists, the most significant factor in the spread of COVID-19 was failure to maintain a social distance of 1.5 meters and the failure to use masks when working with patients sick with the new coronavirus infection. According to general practitioners, the key factors in the spread of COVID-19 were the number of contacts with patients, the number of epicenters of infection visited, the length of the doctor’s stay at the site of the disease, as well as the distance during contact with the patient.
Compliance with ethical standards. All survey participants gave voluntary informed consent to participate in the study (approved by the local ethics committee, protocol No. 05-21 dated 03/10/2021).
Contribution:
Belova E.V. — concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Zabroda N.N. — approval of the final version of the article;
Istratov P.A. — responsible for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Sidorova E.A. — collection and processing of material, editing;
Simanovskiy A.A. — statistical data processing, editing;
Nesterov G.V. — editing, statistical data processing;
Lezinova A.I. — collection and processing of material;
Kraskevich D.A. — collection and processing of material, editing,
Severova L.P. — editing;
Zhernov Yu.V. — concept and design of the study;
Mitrokhin O.V. — approval of the final version of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 16, 2024 / Revised: October 22, 2024 / Accepted: October 23, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Emotional burnout in medical workers of the outpatient clinic
Abstract
Introduction. Much attention is paid to the study of the prevalence of emotional burnout syndrome (EBS) among health workers (HW). There are few studies of the relationship between EBS and factors influencing the HW subjective well-being.
Material and methods. HW in outpatient clinics (nineteen doctors and 45 nurses) were examined. EBS was diagnosed using the method by V.V. Boyko, trait (TA) and state anxiety (SA) — using the Spielberger–Khanin scale, subjective social well-being (SSW) — the PWI-A questionnaire by R. Cummins. The Mann–Whitney criterion, χ2 was used to analyze the differences between the indicators, Pearson’s contingency coefficient — to assess the strength of the relationship, two-way variance analysis – to detect the simultaneous influence of two factors on the studied indicators, Spearman’s rank coefficient — to assess the correlation relationship.
Results. All HW showed EBS signs of varying severity. In the structure of dominant symptoms, the leading places were occupied by experiences of psychotraumatic circumstances (46.2% in doctors and 54.2% in nurses), emotional and moral disorientation (43.5% in doctors), expansion in the sphere in economy, in emotions (30.2% in nurses), emotional deficit (33.3% in doctors and 35.2% in nurses), depersonalization (33.3% in doctors and 32.4% in nurses). The specificity of the severity of symptoms does not depend on the age, but has positive relationships with experience. 34.7% of HW had high levels of TA and SA; no differences were found between the group of doctors and nurses. The levels of TA and SA did not depend on the age and experience. Inverse relationships were established between the development of EBS and the indicators of the SSW (confidence in the future, their achievements, level of personal security, and their standard of living).
Limitations. The cross-sectional design of the study, a small sample does not allow making unambiguous cause-and-effect conclusions regarding the factors influencing on the development of EBS.
Conclusion. Data on the dominant symptoms in each phase of EBS, the levels of SA and TA, and the SSW assessments can be used to develop a program for the prevention and psychological correction of EBS in HW.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was performed in accordance with ethical standards and approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research (conclusion No. 6 dated November 15, 2012, conclusion No. 5 dated March 21, 2023).
Contribution:
Dyakovich M.P. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, mathematical and statistical processing, text writing, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Kuleshova M.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, editing;
Pankov V.A. — concept and design of the study, collection of material, editing.
All co-authors — responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The work was performed within the funds allocated for the implementation of the State task for the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.
Received: October 8, 2024 / Revised: October 10, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Prevalence and characteristics of E-cigarettes smoking among medical students
Abstract
Introduction. In recent years, there has been a downward trend in the consumption of traditional tobacco products. However, the use of various electronic means of nicotine delivery, in particular, electronic cigarettes (e-Cigs), is widespread. E-Cigs are popular among young people.
The purpose of the work is to assess the prevalence and characteristics of e-Cigs consumption among medical students (using the example of Sechenov University).
Materials and methods. A survey of six hundred thirty students was conducted. Quantitative indices were assessed for compliance with normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The critical value of the significance level when testing statistical hypotheses was taken as p≤0.05.
Results. The proportion of smoking students was 26.8%. Students use e-Cigs more often (64.5% of total smokers) than regular cigarettes (46.7%). Boys use regular tobacco products more often, while girls prefer e-Cigs. Multiple smoking devices (both traditional and electronic) are used by 18.9% of students. The main reasons for using e-Cigs are the absence of tobacco odour, ease of use and the presence of pleasant aromas. Only 18.4% of medical students consider e-Cigs less harmful than regular cigarettes. Preference is given to e-Cigs with nicotine. The most popular flavour among young people is fruit and berry. Almost all respondents use e-Cigs in the presence of other people. The intensity of e-Cigs smoking is high in 33.9%. More than half of smokers would like to quit smoking, but cannot due to the established habit and lack of incentive.
Limitations are due to the fact that study included students from university students whose professional standard of training suggest issues of a healthy lifestyle.
Conclusion. The share of students using e-Cigs is increasing. More than half of the respondents began using e-Cigs during their university studies. More attention needs to be paid to hygiene education and training on prevention and smoking cessation methods.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical committee of the Sechenov University (meeting protocol No. 02-23 dated January 26, 2023), and the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (as amended 2013).
Contribution:
Zhernov Yu.V. — research design, editing;
Zelinskaya M.Yu. — collecting research material, writing text;
Isiutina-Fedotkova T.S. — collection of research material, text writing;
Makarova V.V. — collection of research material, data processing, text writing;
Shashina E.A. — research design, data processing, writing;
Kudryashov I.A. — collecting research material, writing text;
Kazimov A.E. — collecting research material, writing text;
Mitrokhin O.V. — research concept, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 7, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Physiological and hygienic assessment of the organization of specialized training for high school students
Abstract
Introduction. The educational activities in children and adolescents are associated with significant potential health risks, especially during the preparation period for the unified state exam. In this regard, there is a need to optimize the management of educational activities to reduce the physiological cost of the educational process.
The purpose of the study is a physiological and hygienic assessment of the management of specialized training of high school students and its impact on the functional state of their body.
Materials and methods. The object of the study was two hundred fifty eight students of the 11th grade of the medical pre-university. A study was conducted on the specifics of the management of pre-university education, as well as a hygienic assessment of the curriculum. To assess the impact of the educational process on the functional state of the body in high school students, an assessment of the method of proof-reading tests was carried out by mental performance. Also there was performed a study of the psycho-emotional state of the body using the Izard method and the functional state of the body using the method for studying well-being, activity, and mood. The obtained results were processed using descriptive statistics methods.
Results. The similarity of the management of classes with the university form of education is noted. The evaluation of the schedule showed a decrease in the level of academic load over the course of the academic year, as well as the irrationality of scheduling from the point of view of age physiology. During the academic year, positive trend in indicators of mental performance and functional state of the body in students was noted. A high prevalence of pronounced and severe degrees of anxiety-depressive (33.9%) and adverse (29.0%) emotions among high school students was revealed. The relationship between the severity of adverse and anxiety-depressive emotions and the subjective assessment of the state of the body by students is noted.
Limitations. The study was conducted in one educational institution, which is a pre-university medical university, which had an impact on the representativeness of the sample.
Conclusion. The conducted research shows the system of management of pre-university education allows students successful and effective engaging in educational activities, which is reflected in the positive trend in indicators characterizing the functional state of the body in high school students. Measures to prevent the prevalence of adverse and anxiety-depressive emotions among students are proposed.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in compliance with the ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association. The design of the study was approved by the Local independent ethical committee of the I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University) (Protocol No. 23-22 of 11/17/2022). Each participant of the study (or his/her legal representative) gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study.
Contribution:
Kuchma V.R., Laponova E.D. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Platonov O.V. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text;
Makarova A.Yu., Chubarovsky V.V. — editing;
Biryukova N.V. — collection and processing of material;
Leshcheva M.A. — processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: September 9, 2024 / Revised: September 16, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



The impact of distance learning on the health in schoolchildren (literature review)
Abstract
Distance learning (Dl) is widespread in educational institutions. The COVID-19 epidemic has led to the transfer of only Dl to students in most countries of the world. However, the use of Dl is associated with a number of health risk factors.
The purpose of the review is to study the impact of Dl on the health in schoolchildren.
A literature search was conducted using PubMed and eLIBRARY.RU search engines. The initial search allowed identifying 21,745 reports, after an independent assessment by two experts, there are still 36 full-text publications containing original data on the impact on the health of schoolchildren.
The analysis of the topics of publications allowed establishing all publications to be devoted to the study of the impact of Dl on the health of students during the COVID-19 epidemic, which does not allow differentiating the impact of Dl on health from the influence of self-isolation and fear of covid disease. Most studies do not compare the detected changes in health status during traditional training. The main complaints of students during Dl were complaints of painful sensations in the eyes, decreased vision, headache, back and neck pain, sleep disorders, largely associated with hygienically irrational learning conditions. The revealed changes in mental status (anxiety, depressive manifestations) are largely determined not by the presence of Dl, but by the influence of self-isolation and fear of covid disease. The transition to Dl also led to an increase in body weight in a number of students, a decrease in physical fitness. More pronounced changes in the state of health were noted in schoolchildren of junior classes.
Conclusion. The identified adverse changes in the state of health in students can be minimized by the use of Dl in combination with traditional learning and compliance with hygienic requirements for its management.
Contribution:
Bobrisheva-Pushkina N.D. — the concept and design of the study, collection of material, editing;
Kuznetsova L.Yu. — collection of material, writing a text;
Onishchenko G.G. — the concept of the study, editing the final text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: June 26, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



SOCIO-HYGIENIC MONITORING
Certification as an effective element of the information and analytical system of social and hygienic monitoring (literature review, part 1)
Abstract
Introduction. Social and hygienic monitoring (SHM) at the current stage of the problem development is impossible without the use of material-intensive databases, where long-term information on environmental indicators, population health, and the relationships between them accumulates. A comprehensive analysis of this multi-component information makes it possible to obtain the most complete and adequate answer on choosing the most effective way to reduce the negative impact of various environmental factors on human health and life. However, the vastness of information in the databases, a large number of applications to them, complicates and slows down the process of making management decisions, reducing their effectiveness. It is possible to avoid excessive time and effort when working with SHM data by minimizing their text parts with subsequent inclusion in the passports of territories and institutions – specialized documents with a standardized, easy-to-read structure, which increases the efficiency of using SHM results.
The research material was scientific publications on the problem of certification as an element of the SHM information and analytical system. Literature search methods: according to the CyberLeninka database, selective, analytical-synthetic, typological.
There was analyzed experience of passportization in the Sverdlovsk, Orenburg, Arkhangelsk, Bryansk regions, the Republic of Tatarstan and the Primorsky Territory, Moscow and St. Petersburg with the preparation of social-hygienic, radiation-hygienic, sanitary-hygienic passports of territories and institution.
Limitations of the research are related to the uniqueness of passports as elements of SHM and the lack of possibility of comparing them with similar forms of reporting abroad.
Conclusion. Currently, the certification of territories and economic facilities is a proven effective information and analytical tool of the SGM, which allows, with minimal time and effort, to purposefully collect and compare data to resolve issues of environmental improvement measures and reduce morbidity among the population in the shortest possible time. Passports, specialized digital documents with a standardized structure that is easy to quickly perceive, provide clarity and visibility of the level of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.
Contribution: the authors made equal contributions to the development of the concept and design of the study, collection and analysis of material, writing the text and editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 5, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION
Creation of a database of historical control of hematological indices in rat blood to interpret the results of sanitary and toxicological studies of active substances of pesticides
Abstract
Introduction. Historical control data provide an understanding of the background variability (spontaneous changes) of the studied indices in the same species and line of animals, under similar conditions in the same laboratory, when assessing the toxic effects of repeated (manifold) administration of active substances of pesticides.
The aim of the study was to create a database of historical control of hematological indices in rat blood used in chronic (twelve months) studies of active substances of pesticides of various chemical structures.
Materials and methods. In accordance with the planned goal, a database of hematological blood indicces from control animals used in chronic (12 months) sanitary and toxicological studies of active substances of pesticides of various chemical structures has been created. The database contains information on 13 hematological indices in rat blood taken from control animals in dynamics after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months from the start of the study for the period 2017–2022. Studies of the active substances of pesticides were carried out in the biological testing laboratory of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing according to the manual P 1.2.3156–13.
Results. The results of the conducted studies indicate that in dynamics after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months of the study, a statistically significant increase in hemoglobin levels was detected in the blood of male rats. With the age, the animals showed a tendency to increase the concentration of red blood cells and platelets.
Limitations. This article publishes a database of historical control of hematological parameters in rat blood, data on biochemical indices of blood serum and physiological indices in male rats in similar studies will be presented in the following publications.
Conclusion. The results obtained will be used to substantiate the maximum inactive doses (NOEL), permissible daily doses (DSD), hygienic standards of the studied compounds in food and environmental objects.
Compliance with ethical standards. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (minutes of the meeting No. 10 dated 17/11/2016)
Contribution:
Rakitskiy V.N., Kuzmin S.V. — concept and design of the study, writing text, editing;
Epishina T.M. — conducting research, collecting and statistical processing of the received material, writing text, compiling a list of references;
Chkhvirkia E.G. — concept and design, text editing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: September 4, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Analysis of the interrelationship of indices of oxidative stress with cytogenetic indicators of genome instability in blood samples of Moscow residents
Abstract
Introduction. Both mutagens and non-mutagenic chemical compounds, that can create conditions for a long-term shift in the oxidative balance in the body, contribute to increase of cancer risk in polluted regions.
The aim of the study. To assess the nature of relationships between indices of oxidant status and indicators of genome instability in micronuclear test using a sample of Moscow residents.
Materials and methods. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were determined in blood lysates of sixty nine Moscow residents (men of working age, 44 [38;58] years old), as well as 8-OHdG plasma content. Indicators of genome instability were determined in cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay of blood lymphocytes.
Results. The rate of PHA-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation was shown to depend on the ratio of GPx and SOD activities in blood lysates: GPx accelerates proliferation, SOD slows down, and the optimal marker is GPx/SOD (R=0.418; p=0.00035 for proliferation index). The effects observed coincide with those obtained earlier on stabilized lines of spontaneously dividing cells; the absence of CAT influence was established for the first time. The frequencies of nucleoplasmic bridges (NPM) in 2-nuclear, polynuclear, and dividing cells but not of micronuclei, “broken eggs” and protrusions were associated positively with CAT and GPx activities (additive effect with close values of partial correlation coefficients; z=16.4x+0.17y-5.38 at R=0.464; p=0.0004 for the proportion of dividing cells with NPM). Further research is needed to explain these findings. No relationship was found between the results of cytome analysis and integral markers of oxidative stress (MDA, 8-OHdG).
Limitations. It is possible that modified patterns will be obtained in polluted regions.
Conclusion. Parallel study of free radical and cytogenetic indicators with their relationship will contribute to the selection of optimal markers for human health monitoring in regions with elevated levels of radiation or pro-oxidant chemicals.
Compliance with ethical standards. The management of the survey complied with the established ethical requirements, including informed consent of the subjects to participation and depersonalized data processing (conclusion of the ethical committee of the Federal Scientific and Clinical Center of the Federal medical and biological agency of Russia No. 4 dated April 13, 2021).
Contributions:
Khripach L.V. — research concept and design, oxidative stress assay, mathematical analysis, writing the article;
Knyazeva T.D. — oxidative stress assay;
Ingel F.I. — research concept and design, cytogenetic analysis, text editing;
Akhaltseva L.V., Yurtseva N.A., Nikitina T.A. — cytogenetic analysis;
Kedrova A.G. — research concept and design, survey organization, text editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study was conducted within the framework of the State Assignment of the Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency.
Received: July 16, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Dopamine D2 receptor ANKK1/DRD2 gene (rs18004976) polymorphism and features of the neuroimmune profile in children in North-Eastern and South-Eastern Siberia under exposure to airborne benzo(a)pyrene
Abstract
Introduction. Examining peculiarities of neuroimmune profiles and candidate gene polymorphism is a relevant trend in identifying markers of effects and sensitivity to chemical exposures in northern areas.
Materials and methods. We examined one thousand two hundred fifty three children residing in North-Eastern and South-Eastern Siberia. Blood benzo(a)pyrene levels were detected by HPLC. The ANKK1/DRD2 (rs18004976) gene polymorphism was studied using real-time PCR. IgG to benzo(a)pyrene levels were identified by allergosorbent testing. Dopamine levels were identified by using ELISA.
Results. Exposure to airborne benz(a)pyrene in an industrial center in North-Eastern Siberia at the dose of 0.0073 µg/(kg ∙ day) causes an elevated risk of specific hapten hypersensitivity (IgG to benzo(a)pyrene), inhibition of dopaminergic regulation (dopamine deficiency), and elevated benzo(a)pyrene contamination in biological media. The identified changes are similar to those established in children exposed to this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon at the dose of 0.0858 µg/(kg ∙ day) in South-Eastern Siberia.
Limitations. The sample needs expanding and any results obtained by further observations should be verified.
Conclusion. Children exposed to low doses of benzo(a)pyrene (0.0073 µg/(kg ∙ day)) in North-Eastern Siberia have elevated risks of disorders in the neuroimmune profile associated with the T-allele and TT genotype (rs1800497) of the ANKK1/DRD2 gene (OR =2.17 – 2.83, p<0.05) (hyperproduction of IgG to benzo(a)pyrene, dopamine deficiency), which are comparable with similar changes in the neuroimmune profile associated with C-allele and CC-genotype of the ANKK1/DRD2 gene (rs1800497) (OR=1.69 – 1.72, p<0.05) under exposure to benzo(a)pyrene at the dose of 0.0858 µg /(kg ∙ day) in South-Eastern Siberia. This indicates to the higher sensitivity of the body to chemical exposures in specific climatic conditions in northern areas.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the WMA Helsinki Declaration and approved by the LEC of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (the meeting report No. 2 dated January 17, 2022). The study participants provided their informed consent.
Contribution:
Dolgikh O.V. — the study concept and design, editing;
Zaitseva N.V. — editing;
Nikonoshina N.A. — data collection and analysis, writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: August 12, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Interpretation of shifts in the values of some indices of cytome analysis of buccal epithelial cells
Abstract
Introduction. Accounting for micronuclei (MN) in the epithelium of the buccal mucosa is widely used to identify human exposure to genotoxic factors. Cytome analysis makes the test more sensitive to detect exposure, but it remains difficult to attribute changes in individual indices to toxicity or genotoxicity. We hypothesized that analysis of the frequencies of different forms of nuclear abnormalities in cells of different degrees of maturity could promote our understanding of the biological meaning of shifts in these indicators.
Materials and methods. A cytome analysis was carried out taking into account the degree of maturity of epithelial cells in scrapings of the cheek mucosa in 6–7 years children, and, for comparison, in the urothelium of mice and rats in the control and after the administration of a cystitis inducer and the standard mutagen cyclophosphamide (CP).
Results. In scrapings of the buccal mucosa from children, the frequency of cells with condensed chromatin in the nucleus, karyorrhexis and karyopyknosis increased significantly in intermediate cells, and the frequency of binuclear cells (BN), cells with nuclear buds (NB) and karyolysis increased only upon reaching a terminally differentiated state. Analysis of suspension preparations of the bladder epithelium in laboratory animals confirmed the predominant accumulation of BN in the superficial layers. In a model of cystitis in rats caused by a single administration of CP at a dose of 30 mg/kg, a decrease in the frequency of BN was observed at the end of the proliferative phase of post-traumatic epithelial regeneration (14 days after CP administration). After feeding mice with CP at a dose of 1.3 mg/kg/day for 14 days, an increase in the frequency of BN was noted among the most mature cells.
Limitation of the study is the lack of assessment of the DNA content in the nuclei of epithelial cells, which did not allow evaluating forms of polyploidy other than abortive cytokinesis (endocycling and endomitosis).
Conclusion. There was received confirmation of the relevance of interpretation the increase in the frequency of BNs in buccal epithelial cells in a group of exposed people as a manifestation of genotoxic effects; a decrease in the frequency of BNs in some cases may be associated with post-traumatic regeneration of the epithelium.
Compliance with ethical standards. The examination of children (sampling of desquamated buccal epithelium was carried out using a non-invasive method) in compliance with the norms and regulations enshrined in the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Medical Organization with the permission and in the presence of parents who filled out a voluntary informed consent form for the examination of their children. The study carried out under the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.
Contribution:
Yurchenko V.V. — analysis and interpretation of literature data, sampling of epithelial cells, preparation of preparations for cytome analysis, statistical analysis and description of the results of cytome analysis, writing an article;
Akhaltseva L.V. — search and analysis of literature data, microscopic analysis of smears of the mucous membrane of children, manuscript editing and preparing for publication;
Krivtsova E.K. — microscopic analysis of suspension preparations of the bladder of mice and rats;
Ingel F.I. — discussion and editing of the manuscript.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The work was carried out within the framework of the state assignment “Analysis of adaptation changes in the population living in areas where odor sources are located, with the aim of developing recommendations for health authorities on managing the risk of environmentally related diseases”.
Received: July 5, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Information resources in the field of toxicity and danger of chemicals as a modern tool of preventive toxicology
Abstract
This article examines the history of the development of databases and national registries of chemical substances formed to implement programs to protect the environment and public health. A review of modern information retrieval systems is given that provide access to data about the physicochemical, toxicological and hygienic properties of chemicals. The functionality of the studied systems was assessed for the completeness of information about chemicals, their properties, effects on the body of warm-blooded animals, ecotoxicity, and use. The review was carried out using the following databases: Register of toxic effects of chemical compounds RTECS; Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS); PubChem; eChemPortal; ChemSpider; CompTox Chemistry Dashboard. The analysis showed the databases to contain a large amount of data on the characteristics of various chemical compounds. However, each database has its own specifics and requires certain skills when searching for the necessary information, which significantly complicates this procedure and affects the speed of processing the information received. In this regard, at the moment there is a need to develop a software product, the functionality of which will allow searching for the necessary information in all publicly available chemical substance databases. Automation of information and analytical activities will make it possible to significantly reduce the time spent working with various resources when conducting federal state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and medical care for workers with particularly hazardous working conditions. Centre for Strategic Planning, of the Federal medical and biological agency is working to create a new software product “Hygienic Characteristics”, which will contain all the basic information about the toxicity of chemicals.
Contribution:
Lebed-Sharlevich Ya.I., Manaeva E.S. — collection and processing of material, writing a text, editing;
Potapchenko T.D. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the concept and design of the study, integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study was carried out as a part of the state assignment (code: Chemical safety).
Received: July 5, 2024 / Revised: October 11, 2024 / Accepted: October 15, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Analysis of the genotoxicity of iron nanocomposite arabinogalactan using the DNA comet method
Abstract
Introduction. Successful implementation of iron-containing nanoparticles into practice requires obtaining knowledge about their effect on human health. One of the most important stages in developing an understanding of the safety of iron-containing nanoparticles in nanocomposites is the study of their genotoxic properties both after exposure and over the long-term period.
The aim of the study is to assess DNA damage in nucleated blood cells in white rats during subacute administration of the Fe nanocomposite arabinogalactan in two different doses one day after exposure, and in 2 and 4 months.
Materials and methods. Male white rats were orally administered an aqueous solution of Fe arabinogalactan nanocomposite at doses of 500 µg/kg and 5000 µg/kg for 10 days. Blood samples were taken from the tail vein. The genotoxic effect of Fe arabinogalactan nanocomposite on leukocytes was assessed by the percentage of DNA in the «DNA comet tail» at 3 times using the alkaline version of the DNA comet assay: on the next day after the end of exposure, and in 2 and 4 months to determine whether the effect was preserved or absent.
Results. In the present study, no statistically significant increase in DNA damage was detected at any stage of the experiment when using the studied nanocomposite at a dose of 500 µg/kg. At the same time, Fe arabinogalactan nanocomposite was found to have a negative effect on the DNA structure at a dose of 5000 µg/kg one day after exposure.
Limitations. The experiment is limited to studying the genotoxic effect of the Fe arabinogalactan nanocomposite at doses of 500 and 5000 µg/kg on male white rats the next day after ten-day exposure and in the late period after 2 and 4 months.
Conclusions. Statistically significant damage to the DNA of blood cells has been established to be caused by the use of only nFe-AG immediately after exposure and at the highest concentration of 5000 µg/kg; over time, the resulting DNA damage is leveled out by repair systems. Consequently, the potential genotoxic effect when using the studied nanocomposite for blood cells is very weak.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research (Protocol No.1 of 12/18/2017), conducted in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or for Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive 2010/63/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.
Contribution:
Tyutrina V.A. — concept and design of research, data collection and processing, statistical data processing, text writing, editing;
Sosedova L.M. — concept and design of research, editing;
Novikov M.A. — concept and design of research.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The work was carried out according to the research plan within the framework of the state task.
Received: August 10, 2024 / Revised: September 30, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



FROM THE HISTORY OF SANITARY AFFAIRS
The history of the development of atmospheric air hygiene in historical milestones and persons of the A.N. Sysin Institute
Abstract
This article presents a retrospective analysis of the origin and further development of domestic atmospheric hygiene, closely intertwined with the history of the A.N. Sysin Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene since the beginning of the XX century. As the stages of the formation of an independent hygienic discipline and the deep integration of its scientific principles into the legislation and practice of the domestic sanitary and epidemiological service, the authors present the directions of research carried out at various times on the basis of the laboratory of atmospheric air hygiene of the Institute. For each such stage, the role of hygiene scientists who worked at the A.N. Sysin Research Institute at various times is indicated, as well as their achievements as a legacy preserved as part of the interdisciplinary scientific school of atmospheric hygiene. There are described works of such scientists as A.N. Sysin, V.A. Ryazanov, M.S. Goldberg, Yu.G. Feldman, V.A. Hoffmekler, M.A. Pinigin and L.A. Tepikina, which are rightfully considered classics of the scientific justification of the used sanitary and epidemiological requirements and hygienic standards. Along with the description of scientific ideas, the article presents fundamental problematic issues of atmospheric air hygiene, formulated at the Institute back in the 70s of the last century. The consistent development of regulatory legal regulation of atmospheric air protection in Russia up to the modern integration of an extensive database of hygienic standards into the practice of environmental regulation can be considered a reflection of the scientific achievements of the Laboratory of Atmospheric air Hygiene of the Institute. Adherence to traditions is presented on a par with advanced ideas developed at various times at the A.N. Sysin Research Institute, aimed at unconditionally ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.
Contribution:
Fedotova L.A. — collecting material and processing data, writing text, editing;
Potapchenko T.D. — writing text, collecting material, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 16, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024



Hygienic regulation of harmful chemicals in water – a view through the prism of research by the A.N. Sysin Research Institute
Abstract
The article is devoted to the history of hygienic regulation of harmful chemicals in water at the A.N. Sysin Research Institute, spanning several decades. The article details the stages of the development of the methodology for hygienic regulation of chemicals in water, starting from the first regulatory documents developed under the guidance of A.N. Sysin in the 1940s to an improved methodology that includes accelerated and in-depth toxicological experiments. The developed step-by-step regulation scheme for chemicals in water combines the experimental method of substantiating maximum allowable concentrations (MACs) based on organoleptic and general sanitary indicators of harmfulness with techniques that allow reducing the duration of toxicological studies where it is possible without loss of quality of the results.
There are considered modern approaches to predicting the toxicity of substances and their biotransformation, including the use of data mining methods and quantum chemistry.
Special attention is given to studying the issues of ensuring safe water use conditions for the population, the application of new chemical compounds in various industries, as well as the effectiveness and safety of reagents and technologies used in water purification and water treatment processes, including improving criteria and methods for studying the combined effects of substances. The results of studies on the transformation processes of substances under the action of various disinfecting agents are presented.
Many years of research by the Institute’s staff are reflected in the Methodological Guidelines for substantiating hygienic standards for chemicals in the water of household and drinking water bodies and recreational water use, Methodological Guidelines for assessing the safety of materials, reagents, and equipment used for water purification and treatment, and the development of hygienic standards for the content of chemicals in water. On this basis, modern main documents on the regulation of chemicals in the environment have been created.
Contribution:
Mamonov R.A. — concept and design of the study, text editing;
Lebed-Sharlevich Ya.I. — collection and processing of material, text writing;
Manaeva E.S. — collection and processing of material, text writing;
Pechnikova I.A. — text writing and editing;
Sinitsyna O.O. — generalization of data, text editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 19, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024


