Volume 103, Nº 10 (2024)

Introduction. There is a potential danger of long-term accumulation of salts and, as a consequence, their adverse impact on the environment. The desire to prevent this danger dictates the need to detect indices that will be in demand for measures to control the use of deicing materials (DIM).

The purpose of the work is to select a set of indicators and determine their acceptable level.

Materials and methods. The assessment of the impact of de-icing materials (DIM) was carried out using samples of snow mass and soil selected from twenty reference points located in various areas of the Moscow city. An analysis was performed to characterize the selected samples according to the following indices: the content of Na⁺, Cl^– ions, total salt content determined by the specific electrical conductivity (EC), the total heavy metal contamination (Zc) and the content of adsorbed sodium (SAR). For ecotoxicological assessment, the work used integral research methods — bioassay using a battery of test organisms. Statistical data processing included cluster and regression analysis.

Results. As shown by chemical-analytical and biological research methods, with the use of DIM,a large amount of salts enters the soil surface along with the snow mass. The concentrations of Na⁺ in the snow mass ranged from 28.3 to 3232.8 mg/L, Cl^– from 278.7 to 3965.3 mg/L. In soil samples, the average Na⁺ content was 1084 mg/kg, while the content in the control sample was 101.5 mg/kg. The maximum EC values for snow samples were 1–5 mS/cm, and for soil samples — 0.420–0.605 mS/cm. The pollution index (Zc) of the soil corresponded to a low level; the snow mass samples fell into the category of moderately polluted. More than 50% of water extracts from the studied soil samples had an adversee impact on the vital (generative) response function of the test organisms Tetrahymena pyriformis.

Limitations. The limitations of the research are that sampling should take place during the period of snow cover and after complete snowmelt, that is, in the winter-spring period. These studies can be recommended for urban areas where the use of DIM, which contain water-soluble salts of alkali and alkaline earth metals, has been practiced for a number of years.

Conclusion. Monitoring the impact of DIM on the soil cover should be carried out by detecting the following maximum permissible values in snow mass samples: EC — 5.0 mS/cm; Na⁺ — 4000 mg/L Soil samples should be monitored according to the SAR index, which reflects the salts concentration present in the soil. Additional characteristics of the studied samples for the content of undetected pollutants can be carried out using integral biotesting methods.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the presentation of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Voronina L.P., Doneryan L.G. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text, editing;
Sbitnev A.V. — collection and processing of material, writing text, editing;
Vodanova M.A. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 16, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are major environmental pollutants. Due to their high mobility, they penetrate into all environmental objects, pose an environmental threat and health risks. Getting into the soil, they deteriorate its quality. VOC content requires reliable control. There is presented a review of the literature, including methods of the US Environmental Protection Agency, and regulatory and methodological documents of the Russian Federation regulating methods of selection, storage, preparation and analysis of soil samples for VOC content.

The dominant place among methods for monitoring for VOCs belongs to gas chromatography with various types of detectors. For multicomponent analysis of complex objects, gas chromatography with mass selective detection is used due to the wide capabilities provided by the mass detector. A universal mass spectrometry method used in analytical laboratories is electron impact ionization mass spectrometry. For research purposes, modern highly sensitive methods are used – mass spectrometry based on the proton transfer reaction PTR-MS, ion trap mass spectrometry PIT-MS, negative ion ionization mass spectrometry NI-PT-CIMS, time-of-flight mass spectrometry of the transfer reaction proton PTR-TOF-MS.

The collection and storage of samples for VOC analysis requires compliance with regulations to prevent both loss of analytes and sample contamination. Sample preparation includes methods such as vacuum and azeotropic distillation, thermal desorption, liquid extraction, various options for static and dynamic headspace analysis.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. The study was supported by the state assignment, code “Monitoring”.

Received: July 7, 2024 / Revised: July 31, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

Introduction. The relevance of the study is determined by postulates fixed in the Concept for Improvement of Control (Supervision) Activities for the period up to 2026. It stipulates the requirement to assign a rating to each object under supervision as a tool to encourage conscientious behaviour and a mechanism that ensures easy public access to any data regarding safety of each object under control.

The aim of this study was to develop a methodology and criteria for assessing objects that are subject to sanitary-epidemiological control (supervision) to assign a proper rating to them.

Materials and methods. The approaches were based on statistical analysis of the results obtained by control, supervision, and prevention activities and on identifying levels of risks of harm to protected values, primarily, people’s lives and health.

Results. The study presents methodical instruments used for calculating relative coefficients and corresponding scores serving as criteria for identifying a rating and calculated considering actual and potential risks of health harm. Objects are rated depending on the value of this relative coefficient (from low to high ones) and estimated per a suggested scale that allows identifying the level of their relative conformity with the law. Objects in the first scale range (the lowest coefficients and highest ratings) are considered to be the most law-abiding. Objects in the fourth range (the highest coefficients and lowest ratings) are considered to have the highest risks of health harm. The latter are the first-order priority and should attract the greatest attention of regulatory authorities.

Limitations. The study has limitations as regards considering specificity of detected violations and severity of their outcomes.

Conclusion. The suggested approaches to assigning ratings to both juridical persons and production facilities of the same juridical person provide information and methodical support for the requirements fixed in the valid federal legislation and prospects for the development of the public administration. The presented tools allow more flexible planning and help to the regional offices of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing to create inspection schedules in accordance with available resources so that they can soundly concentrate their efforts on the most ‘difficult’ objects even within the same risk category. Assigning a rating to an object is a way to encourage businesses to conform to mandatory requirements (for objects with low rating) and to give them an opportunity to show their socially responsible image (for objects with high rating). Assigning a rating is an instrument keeping the civil society informed and helps to make a well-grounded choice when it comes down to objects that render various services to the population.

Compliance with the ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Zaitseva N.V. — the study concept and editing the text;
May I.V. — the study concept, writing and editing the text;
Kiryanov D.А. — the study concept and data analysis;
Sedusova E.V. — data analysis.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study was funded by the Federal Budget.

Received: August 12, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

Introduction. Sensory environmental factors, such as the odour of emissions from various enterprises and noise, are becoming increasingly relevant in connection with the development of industry and urban highways. This is due to their impact on the psychosomatic health of people living in areas where sources of odour and noise pollution of atmospheric air are located.

The aim of the study — to evaluate the relationship between the perception of odours present in atmospheric air and noise with the subjective assessment of health status in the population of an industrial city.

Materials and methods. The data were obtained as a result of a survey of seven hundred nineteen residents of the city with a population of about 90 thousand people, conducted over 2022. The questionnaire included questions to assess the frequency, intensity of perception of odours and noise, as well as the degree of annoyance by these factors. To study the health status of the respondents, it was suggested to note their health complaints.

Results. The study identified symptoms associated with odour and noise perception such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, annoyance, and others. These symptoms are similar for odour and noise perception.

Limitations of the study are related to a relatively small sample of interviewees, and a limited number of questions that allow assessing the relationship between the effects of the studied factors and the public health as well as the lack of data characterizing the full composition of emissions from all enterprises in the city.

Conclusion. Factors of different nature — atmospheric odours and noise, affecting various analyzers and triggering biological processes in the body, lead to similar effects through the induction of annoyance. Stress caused by annoyance by odours and noise causes a number of symptoms and diseases and, in turn, affects the work of analyzers responsible for the perception of environmental factors.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved at a meeting of the Centre for Strategic Planning of the Federal medical and biological agency (protocol No. 01/10/21 dated 10/25/2021).

Contributions:
Goshin M.E — concept and design of the study, literature review, collection and processing of material, analysis and interpretation of results, writing the text;
Sabirova Z.F. —  analysis and interpretation of results, editing;
Budarina O.V. — research concept, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study was carried out within the framework of state task No. № АААА-А20-120101690059-2.

Received: July 11, 2024 / Revised: September 2, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

Introduction. For many years, steel and cast iron pipes have been used in the practice of domestic drinking water supply. However, they can be a source of pollutants entering drinking water. During the hygienic assessment, special attention is paid to metal impurities in corrosion products, which under certain conditions can enter drinking water distribution systems, thereby polluting drinking water and creating a health risk.

Materials and methods. The material was scientific reports and laboratory studies on the problem of the use of metal materials and their alloys in drinking water supply systems, with special attention to the specific properties of the analyzed materials.

Results. The objective of our research is an attempt to standardize hygienic studies of metal materials (alloys) used in drinking water supply. The object developed was a research laboratory stand that recreates the conditions of a real water supply system, which makes it possible to simulate operating conditions for sanitary and chemical testing of metals and alloys intended for use in contact with drinking water. The stand guarantees a continuous flow of water through the tested material, simultaneous testing of the required number of samples, including control ones, as well as connection to cold and hot water supply systems (with test temperatures from 60 °C to 85 °C). It also allows temporarily stopping the flow of water to simulate standing water (test lines are closed for four hours before sampling), collect at least 3 liters of contact water for further testing, and also makes it easy to install the system and replace test samples.

Limitations. Modelling of operating conditions for sanitary and chemical testing was carried out on metal materials (alloys), which are one of the possible options for using materials in drinking water supply. It is necessary to conduct similar studies on other groups of materials used.

Conclusion. This stand can be used by laboratories to carry out sanitary-chemical analysis of alloys that are used in drinking water supply systems. The developed methodology makes it possible to improve the quality and accuracy of the analysis of metallic materials and alloys through the use of a unified research system.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the conclusion of the Biomedical Ethics Committee.

Contribution: all co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 5, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

Introduction. Cemeteries are located near or on the territory of populated areas and occupy significant areas. However, the soils of cemeteries and their impact on the health of the population both living near necropolises and periodically coming into contact with the soil of burials due to ritual traditions have been little studied at present. Workers of burial grounds represent a special group.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the risk of occurring diseases associated with soil contamination among cemetery workers.

Materials and methods. A hygienic assessment of the soil was carried out in seven cemeteries. There was carried out a study of 3348 soil samples, of which sanitary-chemical — 432 samples, sanitary-parasitological — 540 samples, sanitary-bacteriological studies — 2376.

Results. As studies have shown, the soil in the territory of cemeteries exceeds the content of heavy metals, such as chromium, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, and lead. Which is an undoubted risk factor for the health of cemetery workers. Sanitary, microbiological, and parasitological studies also revealed a high biological danger of cemetery soils for workers. When calculated, the total hazard index exceeds 1, thus the likelihood of harmful effects on human health increases, and such exposure is characterized as unacceptable.

Limitations. A limitation of the study is that the assessment was carried out only on the content of heavy metals whereas organic compounds in the soil were not taken into account due to the lack of standard values.

Compliance with ethical standards. This study does not require the conclusion of a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution:
Ushakova O.V. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, collecting material and processing data, editing;
Rakhmanin Yu.A. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Evseeva I.S. — collection of material and data processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. The research was carried out within the framework of a state assignment on the topic “Monitoring” at the Center for Strategic Planning and Management of Biomedical Health Risks of the FMBA.

Received: July 5, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

Introduction. The issues of sanitary and epidemiological welfare in workers when performing diving operations require close attention from the state, are part of the structure of the Concept of development of diving in Russia, and are relevant to society. To date, there are several problems not only in hygienic rationing, but also in the medical provision of diving operations.

The purpose of the study is to study working conditions and subjective assessment of the health status of employees when performing diving operations, to develop proposals for improving legislation.

Materials and methods. The analysis of normative legal acts and scientific literature on the protection of the health and labor of divers is carried out. A survey of fifty diving workers was carried out.

Results. The main problems in the management of diving operations have been identified: in 15% of organizations there is no production control program, in 49% of organizations there is no therapeutic and preventive nutrition. There is no medical worker at the site of diving descents, if signs of decompression sickness or lung barotrauma are detected, therapeutic recompression is carried out in 46% of cases before the arrival of a diving doctor (paramedic) on their own. During the descents, 30% of respondents experienced fatigue, tiredness, headache, while all of them underwent mandatory medical examinations in private healthcare institutions; 18% of respondents indicated symptoms of hypothermia. At the same time, more than 60% of respondents were revealed to be subject to occupational burnout.

Limitation of the study is the lack of data on the results of preliminary and periodic medical examinations of respondents.

Conclusion. At the present stage, the system of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological welfare during diving operations requires improvement both in terms of state rationing, accounting and control, and compliance with health-saving preventive measures by employers and employees. In particular, attention should be paid to the direction of studying the development of occupational burnout in divers and to elaborate the system of prevention.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in compliance with ethical standards. This study did not require the conclusion of the ethics committee. The survey was voluntary and depersonalized.

Contribution:
Voronkova S.V. — research concept and design, data processing, text writing, editing;
Avdienko G.Yu. — research design, data processing, text writing, editing;
Verveda A.B. — data processing, editing;
Lyovkina Y.V. — literature review, editing;
Logunov K.V. — collecting material, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 5, 2024 / Accepted: October 02, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

Introduction. Much attention is paid to the study of the prevalence of emotional burnout syndrome (EBS) among health workers (HW). There are few studies of the relationship between EBS and factors influencing the HW subjective well-being.

Material and methods. HW in outpatient clinics (nineteen doctors and 45 nurses) were examined. EBS was diagnosed using the method by V.V. Boyko, trait (TA) and state anxiety (SA) — using the Spielberger–Khanin scale, subjective social well-being (SSW) — the PWI-A questionnaire by R. Cummins. The Mann–Whitney criterion, χ² was used to analyze the differences between the indicators, Pearson’s contingency coefficient — to assess the strength of the relationship, two-way variance analysis – to detect the simultaneous influence of two factors on the studied indicators, Spearman’s rank coefficient — to assess the correlation relationship.

Results. All HW showed EBS signs of varying severity. In the structure of dominant symptoms, the leading places were occupied by experiences of psychotraumatic circumstances (46.2% in doctors and 54.2% in nurses), emotional and moral disorientation (43.5% in doctors), expansion in the sphere in economy, in emotions (30.2% in nurses), emotional deficit (33.3% in doctors and 35.2% in nurses), depersonalization (33.3% in doctors and 32.4% in nurses). The specificity of the severity of symptoms does not depend on the age, but has positive relationships with experience. 34.7% of HW had high levels of TA and SA; no differences were found between the group of doctors and nurses. The levels of TA and SA did not depend on the age and experience. Inverse relationships were established between the development of EBS and the indicators of the SSW (confidence in the future, their achievements, level of personal security, and their standard of living).

Limitations. The cross-sectional design of the study, a small sample does not allow making unambiguous cause-and-effect conclusions regarding the factors influencing on the development of EBS.

Conclusion. Data on the dominant symptoms in each phase of EBS, the levels of SA and TA, and the SSW assessments can be used to develop a program for the prevention and psychological correction of EBS in HW.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was performed in accordance with ethical standards and approved by the Local Ethics Committee of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research (conclusion No. 6 dated November 15, 2012, conclusion No. 5 dated March 21, 2023).

Contribution:
Dyakovich M.P. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, mathematical and statistical processing, text writing, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Kuleshova M.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, editing;
Pankov V.A. — concept and design of the study, collection of material, editing.
All co-authors — responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. The work was performed within the funds allocated for the implementation of the State task for the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.

Received: October 8, 2024 / Revised: October 10, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

Introduction. In recent years, there has been a downward trend in the consumption of traditional tobacco products. However, the use of various electronic means of nicotine delivery, in particular, electronic cigarettes (e-Cigs), is widespread. E-Cigs are popular among young people.

The purpose of the work is to assess the prevalence and characteristics of e-Cigs consumption among medical students (using the example of Sechenov University).

Materials and methods. A survey of six hundred thirty students was conducted. Quantitative indices were assessed for compliance with normal distribution using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The critical value of the significance level when testing statistical hypotheses was taken as p≤0.05.

Results. The proportion of smoking students was 26.8%. Students use e-Cigs more often (64.5% of total smokers) than regular cigarettes (46.7%). Boys use regular tobacco products more often, while girls prefer e-Cigs. Multiple smoking devices (both traditional and electronic) are used by 18.9% of students. The main reasons for using e-Cigs are the absence of tobacco odour, ease of use and the presence of pleasant aromas. Only 18.4% of medical students consider e-Cigs less harmful than regular cigarettes. Preference is given to e-Cigs with nicotine. The most popular flavour among young people is fruit and berry. Almost all respondents use e-Cigs in the presence of other people. The intensity of e-Cigs smoking is high in 33.9%. More than half of smokers would like to quit smoking, but cannot due to the established habit and lack of incentive.

Limitations are due to the fact that study included students from university students whose professional standard of training suggest issues of a healthy lifestyle.

Conclusion. The share of students using e-Cigs is increasing. More than half of the respondents began using e-Cigs during their university studies. More attention needs to be paid to hygiene education and training on prevention and smoking cessation methods.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical committee of the Sechenov University (meeting protocol No. 02-23 dated January 26, 2023), and the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association (as amended 2013).

Contribution:
Zhernov Yu.V. — research design, editing;
Zelinskaya M.Yu. — collecting research material, writing text;
Isiutina-Fedotkova T.S. — collection of research material, text writing;
Makarova V.V. — collection of research material, data processing, text writing;
Shashina E.A. — research design, data processing, writing;
Kudryashov I.A. — collecting research material, writing text;
Kazimov A.E. — collecting research material, writing text;
Mitrokhin O.V. — research concept, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 7, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

Distance learning (Dl) is widespread in educational institutions. The COVID-19 epidemic has led to the transfer of only Dl to students in most countries of the world. However, the use of Dl is associated with a number of health risk factors.

The purpose of the review is to study the impact of Dl on the health in schoolchildren.

A literature search was conducted using PubMed and eLIBRARY.RU search engines. The initial search allowed identifying 21,745  reports, after an independent assessment by two experts, there are still 36 full-text publications containing original data on the impact on the health of schoolchildren.

The analysis of the topics of publications allowed establishing all publications to be devoted to the study of the impact of Dl on the health of students during the COVID-19 epidemic, which does not allow differentiating the impact of Dl on health from the influence of self-isolation and fear of covid disease. Most studies do not compare the detected changes in health status during traditional training. The main complaints of students during Dl were complaints of painful sensations in the eyes, decreased vision, headache, back and neck pain, sleep disorders, largely associated with hygienically irrational learning conditions. The revealed changes in mental status (anxiety, depressive manifestations) are largely determined not by the presence of Dl, but by the influence of self-isolation and fear of covid disease. The transition to Dl also led to an increase in body weight in a number of students, a decrease in physical fitness. More pronounced changes in the state of health were noted in schoolchildren of junior classes.

Conclusion. The identified adverse changes in the state of health in students can be minimized by the use of Dl in combination with traditional learning and compliance with hygienic requirements for its management.

Contribution:
Bobrisheva-Pushkina N.D. — the concept and design of the study, collection of material, editing;
Kuznetsova L.Yu. — collection of material, writing a text;
Onishchenko G.G. — the concept of the study, editing the final text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: June 26, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

Introduction. Social and hygienic monitoring (SHM) at the current stage of the problem development is impossible without the use of material-intensive databases, where long-term information on environmental indicators, population health, and the relationships between them accumulates. A comprehensive analysis of this multi-component information makes it possible to obtain the most complete and adequate answer on choosing the most effective way to reduce the negative impact of various environmental factors on human health and life. However, the vastness of information in the databases, a large number of applications to them, complicates and slows down the process of making management decisions, reducing their effectiveness. It is possible to avoid excessive time and effort when working with SHM data by minimizing their text parts with subsequent inclusion in the passports of territories and institutions – specialized documents with a standardized, easy-to-read structure, which increases the efficiency of using SHM results.

The research material was scientific publications on the problem of certification as an element of the SHM information and analytical system. Literature search methods: according to the CyberLeninka database, selective, analytical-synthetic, typological.

There was analyzed experience of passportization in the Sverdlovsk, Orenburg, Arkhangelsk, Bryansk regions, the Republic of Tatarstan and the Primorsky Territory, Moscow and St. Petersburg with the preparation of social-hygienic, radiation-hygienic, sanitary-hygienic passports of territories and institution.

Limitations of the research are related to the uniqueness of passports as elements of SHM and the lack of possibility of comparing them with similar forms of reporting abroad.

Conclusion. Currently, the certification of territories and economic facilities is a proven effective information and analytical tool of the SGM, which allows, with minimal time and effort, to purposefully collect and compare data to resolve issues of environmental improvement measures and reduce morbidity among the population in the shortest possible time. Passports, specialized digital documents with a standardized structure that is easy to quickly perceive, provide clarity and visibility of the level of sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.

Contribution: the authors made equal contributions to the development of the concept and design of the study, collection and analysis of material, writing the text and editing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 5, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

Introduction. Historical control data provide an understanding of the background variability (spontaneous changes) of the studied indices in the same species and line of animals, under similar conditions in the same laboratory, when assessing the toxic effects of repeated (manifold) administration of active substances of pesticides.

The aim of the study was to create a database of historical control of hematological indices in rat blood used in chronic (twelve months) studies of active substances of pesticides of various chemical structures.

Materials and methods. In accordance with the planned goal, a database of hematological blood indicces from control animals used in chronic (12 months) sanitary and toxicological studies of active substances of pesticides of various chemical structures has been created. The database contains information on 13 hematological indices in rat blood taken from control animals in dynamics after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months from the start of the study for the period 2017–2022. Studies of the active substances of pesticides were carried out in the biological testing laboratory of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing according to the manual P 1.2.3156–13.

Results. The results of the conducted studies indicate that in dynamics after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months of the study, a statistically significant increase in hemoglobin levels was detected in the blood of male rats. With the age, the animals showed a tendency to increase the concentration of red blood cells and platelets.

Limitations. This article publishes a database of historical control of hematological parameters in rat blood, data on biochemical indices of blood serum and physiological indices in male rats in similar studies will be presented in the following publications.

Conclusion. The results obtained will be used to substantiate the maximum inactive doses (NOEL), permissible daily doses (DSD), hygienic standards of the studied compounds in food and environmental objects.

Compliance with ethical standards. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (minutes of the meeting No. 10 dated 17/11/2016)

Contribution:
Rakitskiy V.N.,  Kuzmin S.V. — concept and design of the study, writing text, editing;
Epishina T.M. — conducting research, collecting and statistical processing of the received material, writing text, compiling a list of references;
Chkhvirkia E.G. — concept and design, text editing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: September 4, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

Introduction. Examining peculiarities of neuroimmune profiles and candidate gene polymorphism is a relevant trend in identifying markers of effects and sensitivity to chemical exposures in northern areas.

Materials and methods. We examined one thousand two hundred fifty three children residing in North-Eastern and South-Eastern Siberia. Blood benzo(a)pyrene levels were detected by HPLC. The ANKK1/DRD2 (rs18004976) gene polymorphism was studied using real-time PCR. IgG to benzo(a)pyrene levels were identified by allergosorbent testing. Dopamine levels were identified by using ELISA.

Results. Exposure to airborne benz(a)pyrene in an industrial center in North-Eastern Siberia at the dose of 0.0073 µg/(kg ∙ day) causes an elevated risk of specific hapten hypersensitivity (IgG to benzo(a)pyrene), inhibition of dopaminergic regulation (dopamine deficiency), and elevated benzo(a)pyrene contamination in biological media. The identified changes are similar to those established in children exposed to this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon at the dose of 0.0858 µg/(kg ∙ day) in South-Eastern Siberia.

Limitations. The sample needs expanding and any results obtained by further observations should be verified.

Conclusion. Children exposed to low doses of benzo(a)pyrene (0.0073 µg/(kg ∙ day)) in North-Eastern Siberia have elevated risks of disorders in the neuroimmune profile associated with the T-allele and TT genotype (rs1800497) of the ANKK1/DRD2 gene (OR =2.17 – 2.83, p<0.05) (hyperproduction of IgG to benzo(a)pyrene, dopamine deficiency), which are comparable with similar changes in the neuroimmune profile associated with C-allele and CC-genotype of the ANKK1/DRD2 gene (rs1800497) (OR=1.69 – 1.72, p<0.05) under exposure to benzo(a)pyrene at the dose of 0.0858 µg /(kg ∙ day) in South-Eastern Siberia. This indicates to the higher sensitivity of the body to chemical exposures in specific climatic conditions in northern areas.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in compliance with the principles of the WMA Helsinki Declaration and approved by the LEC of the Federal Scientific Center for Medical and Preventive Health Risk Management Technologies (the meeting report No. 2 dated January 17, 2022). The study participants provided their informed consent.

Contribution:
Dolgikh O.V. — the study concept and design, editing;
Zaitseva N.V. — editing;
Nikonoshina N.A. — data collection and analysis, writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: August 12, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

This article examines the history of the development of databases and national registries of chemical substances formed to implement programs to protect the environment and public health. A review of modern information retrieval systems is given that provide access to data about the physicochemical, toxicological and hygienic properties of chemicals. The functionality of the studied systems was assessed for the completeness of information about chemicals, their properties, effects on the body of warm-blooded animals, ecotoxicity, and use. The review was carried out using the following databases: Register of toxic effects of chemical compounds RTECS; Risk Assessment Information System (RAIS); PubChem; eChemPortal; ChemSpider; CompTox Chemistry Dashboard. The analysis showed the databases to contain a large amount of data on the characteristics of various chemical compounds. However, each database has its own specifics and requires certain skills when searching for the necessary information, which significantly complicates this procedure and affects the speed of processing the information received. In this regard, at the moment there is a need to develop a software product, the functionality of which will allow searching for the necessary information in all publicly available chemical substance databases. Automation of information and analytical activities will make it possible to significantly reduce the time spent working with various resources when conducting federal state sanitary and epidemiological surveillance and medical care for workers with particularly hazardous working conditions. Centre for Strategic Planning, of the Federal medical and biological agency is working to create a new software product “Hygienic Characteristics”, which will contain all the basic information about the toxicity of chemicals.

Contribution:
Lebed-Sharlevich Ya.I., Manaeva E.S. — collection and processing of material, writing a text, editing;
Potapchenko T.D. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the concept and design of the study, integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study was carried out as a part of the state assignment (code: Chemical safety).

Received: July 5, 2024 / Revised: October 11, 2024 / Accepted: October 15, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024

This article presents a retrospective analysis of the origin and further development of domestic atmospheric hygiene, closely intertwined with the history of the A.N. Sysin Research Institute of Human Ecology and Environmental Hygiene since the beginning of the XX century. As the stages of the formation of an independent hygienic discipline and the deep integration of its scientific principles into the legislation and practice of the domestic sanitary and epidemiological service, the authors present the directions of research carried out at various times on the basis of the laboratory of atmospheric air hygiene of the Institute. For each such stage, the role of hygiene scientists who worked at the A.N. Sysin Research Institute at various times is indicated, as well as their achievements as a legacy preserved as part of the interdisciplinary scientific school of atmospheric hygiene. There are described works of such scientists as A.N. Sysin, V.A. Ryazanov, M.S. Goldberg, Yu.G. Feldman, V.A. Hoffmekler, M.A. Pinigin and L.A. Tepikina, which are rightfully considered classics of the scientific justification of the used sanitary and epidemiological requirements and hygienic standards. Along with the description of scientific ideas, the article presents fundamental problematic issues of atmospheric air hygiene, formulated at the Institute back in the 70s of the last century. The consistent development of regulatory legal regulation of atmospheric air protection in Russia up to the modern integration of an extensive database of hygienic standards into the practice of environmental regulation can be considered a reflection of the scientific achievements of the Laboratory of Atmospheric air Hygiene of the Institute. Adherence to traditions is presented on a par with advanced ideas developed at various times at the A.N. Sysin Research Institute, aimed at unconditionally ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population.

Contribution:
Fedotova L.A. — collecting material and processing data, writing text, editing;
Potapchenko T.D. — writing text, collecting material, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: July 16, 2024 / Accepted: October 2, 2024 / Published: November 19, 2024