Vol 103, No 1 (2024)

Introduction. Mortality from lung cancer is more than 20% of all deaths from malignant neoplasms (MN). The mortality rate from respiratory diseases in the Chelyabinsk region for many years exceeds the average in Russia. There is convincing evidence confirming the increase in mortality from respiratory diseases in the population living in radioactively contaminated areas

Materials and methods. The study of mortality from respiratory diseases in two cities: Kasli and Kyshtym, and four districts: Kasli, Argayash, Krasnoarmeysky, and Kunashaksky over a 50-year period from 1947 to 1996.

Results. An increase in the mortality in the male and female population from MN of the trachea, bronchi, lungs, and larynx was found. The most significant excess over the control was observed in the population of Kasli, Kyshtym, in Kasli and Argayash districts. During the entire studied period, the male population experienced an increase in mortality at rates exceeding the changes in the control territories. Among the female population, the highest mortality rates both in cities and in districts were recorded in the 1960s - 1970s. In addition to the increase in mortality rates in radioactively contaminated areas in the elderly and old age, an increase in mortality was found at the ages of 30–39, 40–49 years.

Limitations. The study period is limited to 1996 due to the inability to collect data for a later period.

Conclusion. The mortality rates of the male population from respiratory diseases in the cities of Kasli, Kyshtym, Kasli, and Argayash districts almost constantly exceeded the control values. There is an increase in mortality at young ages: 30–39, 40–49 years. Both men and women have recorded a wave-like nature of mortality, periods of growth, as a rule, following 5–10 years after the next radiation incident.

Compliance with ethical standards. Minutes No. 4 of the meeting of the Scientific Council of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of the Institute of Industrial Ecology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences dated 06/21/2023

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: June 26, 2023 / Revised: November 28, 2023 / Accepted: December 28, 2023 / Published: January 31, 2024

Introduction. Тhe municipal solid waste of pollution negatively affects on the state of the environment, since during their storage on the territory of landfills and the adjacent territory, accumulation of heavy metals (HM) can change the biological indicators of soil conditions: microbiological, biochemical, and phytotoxic.

The aim of the study was to assess the influence of the toxic effect of the municipal waste landfill “Azov” in the Rostov region on the ecological state of the soil.

Materials and methods. It was explored the influence of municipal solid waste landfill “Azov” of the Rostov region on the ecological condition of the ordinary chernozem in the landfill and adjacent territory (140, 260, 380, and 540 m). The content of heavy metals in the soil, such as chromium (Cr), strontium (Sr), zinc (Zn), vanadium (V), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), lead (Pb), and arsenic (As) were defined. The ecological state is assessed by sensitive and informative-biological indicators of soil pollution: the abundance of bacteria of the genus Azotobacter, the total prevalence of soil bacteria, the activity of catalase, dehydrogenases.

Results. Soils were found to contaminate with arsenic by MAC / TAC (exceeding the MAC by 7 times at the landfill and exceeding the MAC by 4 to 6 times in the territory). Pollution with heavy metals according to German MACs with chromium exceeded by 1.4 times). The highest concentration of heavy metals prevailed in the body of the landfill. Depending on distance from the landfill the concentration of heavy metals in the soil decreased. HM contamination leads to negative consequences for the ecological state of ordinary chernozem: the total number of bacteria decreases (until to 95% of the control), the number of the genus Azotobacter decreases (up to 95% of the control), the activity of catalase (up to 25% of the control) and dehydrogenase decreases (up to 30% of control) and increased soil phytotoxicity (up to 60% of control). It can be concluded that the exploitation of the landfill leads to a deterioration of the environmental situation on the territory of the landfill and beyond.

Limitations. The ecotoxic effect of HMs on soils less buffered to pollution will be higher than on the chernozems studied in the article.

Conclusion. The Landfill “Azov” was found to impact on the microbiological, biochemical, and phytotoxic parameters of the soil negatively. This problem connects with influence of heavy metals which get into the soil of during the operation of the landfill. The most sensitive and informative biological indicators are total number of bacteria and length of radish roots.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require an opinion from a biomedical ethics committee or other documents.

Contribution: Kucherova A.V. – collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text; Kolesnikov S.I. – concept of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article; Hrapay E.S. – statistical processing and text writing; Minnikova T.V. – editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article; Kuzina A.A. – responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. The study was financially supported by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation within the framework of the state task in the field of scientific activity No. FENW-2023-0008, the Strategic Academic Leadership Program of the Southern Federal University (“Priority 2030”) (No. SP-12-23-01) and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation in the Soil Health laboratory of the Southern Federal University (agreement No. 075-15-2022-1122).

Received: February 2, 2023 / Accepted: December 23, 2023 / Published: January 31, 2024

Background. Ergonomic risk factors in the workplace expose gastroenterologists and radiologists to Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSDs). This study aims to compare the frequency of musculoskeletal disorders and ergonomic risk factors in these two groups of physicians.

Materials and methods. This descriptive study was conducted on 360 physicians (radiologists and gastroenterologists) at the 5 University and teaching hospitals in Tehran. The prevalence of musculoskeletal symptoms was detected using the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. The Workplace Ergonomic Risk Assessment (WERA) method was used to estimate and evaluate the ergonomic risk factors in each physician. Finally, the frequency of musculoskeletal disorders was compared between the two groups using statistical tests.

Results. The prevalence of shoulder (70% vs 36.66%; OR=4.03 (2.59–6.25); p<0.001) and hand pain (45% vs 30%; OR=2.78 (1.80–4.31); p<0.001) among radiologists was significantly higher than that among gastroenterologists. In contrast, gastroenterologists had a significantly higher prevalence of upper (65% vs 38.33%; OR=2.98 (1.94–4.58); p<0.001) and lower back pain (67.2% vs 49.44%; OR=2.55 (2.06–3.17); p<0.001) than radiologists. The mean WERA final score, the leg score, forceful score, contact stress, and task duration in radiologists were higher than that of gastroenterologists and the back score in gastroenterologists was higher than radiologists (p<0.05).

Limitations. In this study, the psychological factors affecting musculoskeletal disorders have not been investigated.

Conclusion. WRMSDs had a relatively high prevalence among radiologists (shoulder and hand pain) and gastroenterologists (upper and lower back). Due to the impact of ergonomic risk factors on these disorders in the workplace, ergonomic interventions should be implemented to reduce these risk factors in occupational settings.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by ethical committee of the Iran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services (code: IR.IUMS.FMD.REC.1398.060.)

Contributions:
Kabir-Mokamelkhah E. — research concept and design, analysis and interpretation, writing the text, editing the text;
Aghilinejad M. — research concept and design, writing the text;
Dehghan N. — data collection or processing, writing the text;
Sanati P. — data collection or processing, writing the text;
Hosseininejad M. — analysis and interpretation, writing the text, editing the text.

Acknowledgments. The study had no sponsorship.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Received: October 12, 2023 / Accepted: December 28, 2023 / Published: January 31, 2023

Introduction. Work in oil and gas exploration is intense, carried out on a shift (fly-in-fly-out) basis in the open air with alternating day and night shifts. The analysis of the studies revealed the lack of information regarding the trend in the functional states of workers with different shift modes.

Materials and methods. The study involved fifty eight shift workers at an oil exploration enterprise in the southeast of the Russian Federation with a 30 days shift period.

The study aim was to identify and describe the features of the trend in functional states in shift personnel at an oil exploration enterprise in the southeast of the Russian Federation with various work and rest regimes. To solve the tasks set, daily the functional states’ monitoring in morning and evening by workers was carried out using objective hardware (VCM, CVMR) and subjective (WAM, M. Luscher test) methods. Statistical methods are multivariate analysis of variance and descriptive statistics.

Results. The features of trend in objective and subjective parameters of the functional states in the shift personnel at an oil exploration enterprise in the southeast of the Russian Federation with various work and rest regimes are revealed: 30D, 15D / 15N and 15N / 15D. It has been established that the personnel at an oil exploration enterprise with a work regime of 15D/15N is characterized by a greater severity of unfavourable functional states by the end of the shift period.

Limitations. The study limitations are the small sample size, which is due to the study being carried out at one site with the inclusion of the maximum number of workers located at the facility during the expedition. Workers with work regimes 15D/15N and 15N/15D differed in functional duties from the group of employees with work regime 30D.

Conclusion. The results and conclusions obtained make it possible to expand knowledge about the changes in the workers’ states at oil and gas producing enterprises with different shift regimes during the shift period and develop practical recommendations for their optimization.

Compliance with ethical standards. The research program and methods were reviewed by the ethics committee of the Higher School of Psychology, Pedagogy and Physical Education of the Northern (Arctic) Federal University and recommended for use (protocol No. 2, 2022). Participants took part in the study on a voluntary basis and signed an informed consent.

Contribution:
Korneeva Ya.A. — research concept and design, text writing, text writing; literature data collection; statistical processing; editing;
Simonova N.N. — research concept and design, text writing, text writing; literature data collection; statistical processing; editing;
Korneeva A.V. — collection of material and data processing, writing the text; literature data collection;
Dobrynina M.A. — collection of material and data processing; literature data collection; writing and editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: September 1, 2023 / Revised: November 15, 2023 / Accepted: December 28, 2023 / Published: January 31, 2024

Introduction. There was conducted the study of the actual nutrition in the population of the Russian Federation in 2017–2021, including a study of its trend and compliance with recommended rational standards.

Materials and methods. The study used information from the Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) on consumption in population of the Russian Federation of the main food groups in households in 2017–2021. The annual representative sample was forty seven thousand eight hundred households. A method used to analyze time series of consumption of basic food products and a comparison of actual nutrition with recommended rational standards was carried out for the whole country, Federal districts, and constituent entities of the Federation.

Results. In the Russian Federation in 2021, compared to 2017, consumption of most major food groups decreased. Consumption of meat and meat products increased by 6.8%, eggs by 1.3%. Consumption of fish and fish products remained at the same level. The analysis shows a decline in the consumption of bread and bakery products in all federal districts, with the exception of the Far East (an increase of 1.6%); potatoes, vegetable oil, with the exception of the Far East (an increase of 0.8%). At the same time, there is an increase in the consumption of meat and meat products in all federal districts, with the exception of the Far Eastern (decrease by 13.6%). For other product groups, consumption variations were noted.

Below the recommended rational norms, the Russian population consumes fish and fish products, potatoes, bread, and bakery products, milk and dairy products, vegetables, fruits and berries, eggs, and vegetable oil. At the same time, excessive consumption of sugar (3.8 times higher than the norm), meat and meat products (27% higher than the norm) were noted.

In the Federal Districts, consumption of most major food groups is below the recommended rational standards. In all federal districts, consumption of meat and meat products, sugar and confectionery products has increased.

Significant differences have been established in the compliance of consumption levels with recommended rational standards by the population of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2021. In most regions of the Russian Federation, high consumption of meat and meat products by the population is noted.
All regions of the Federation have high consumption of sugar and confectionery products.

Limitations. This study is limited by the size of the representative sample, which was 47.8 thousand households.

Conclusion. The consequence of an irrational nutrition structure is a violation of the nutritional status, which is expressed in an increase in the prevalence among the population in recent years of such alimentary-dependent pathologies as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and a number of others.

Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require submission to a biomedical ethics committee or other documents, since non-invasive research methods were used in the work.

Contribution:
Kuzmin S.V. — concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Rusakov V.N. — collection and processing of material, writing the text;
Setko A.G. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: October 31, 2023 / Accepted: December 28, 2023 / Published: January 31, 2024

Introduction. Academic performance and the results of entrance tests are the key criteria for the competitive selection of students into educational institutions for gifted children, while the psychophysiological abilities of children and adolescents, determining the possibility of learning under conditions of high academic loads, are usually not taken into account.

The purpose of the study is to scientifically substantiate a predictive model for the selection of students into educational institutions for gifted children.

Materials and methods. For students of a lyceum for gifted children with high mental development (Group 1) and a general education institution with an average level of mental development (Group 2), an assessment was made of risk factors for the management and intensity of the educational work, and daily routine; functional state according to integral indicators: the index of tension of regulatory systems with the determination of biological adaptation, mental performance, as well as cognitive and non-cognitive functions using modern hardware and software complexes.

Results. The students of the lyceum for gifted children in conditions of high intensity of educational work (class 3.1), in comparison with the data of students of a general education institution with optimal intensity of the educational process (class 1), were established to reveal the development of cognitive functions, as evidenced by an increase in the level of mental performance by 1.3 times, it productivity and speed by 1.2 times, thinking by 1.6–2.6 times, as well as a decrease in anxiety by 17.2%, stress by 24.5% compared to the data of students of the 2^nd group, an increase in stress resistance by 25.0% and cognitive activity by 22.2%. At the same time, the formation of cognitive and non-cognitive functions in students from the 1^st group was ensured by a decrease in the level of biological adaptation, confirmed by the formation of a breakdown in biological adaptation in every fourth student from the 1^st group (26.4%) (according to data of 33.9% among students 2^nd group). As a result of correlation analysis, reliable dependences of integral indicators of the functional state of students on factors of the management of the educational process and daily routine were determined. Correlation dependencies of cognitive and non-cognitive functions on the level of mental performance and tension in the regulatory systems of students have been established, which, based on logistic regression analysis, made it possible to develop a predictive mathematical model for the selection of students in educational institutions for gifted children, based on determining mental performance, the index of tension in regulatory systems, the level mental development, anxiety, cognitive activity, resistance to stress, and stress.

Limitation. The study is limited to a sample formed within one educational institution for gifted children.

Conclusion. Thus, the use of a prognostic model when selecting students for educational institutions for gifted children will not only identify students with a high level of mental development, but also assess their psychophysiological abilities, predict possible difficulties in the process of educational activities, identify strong and weak personality traits associated with academic performance.

Compliance with ethical standards. Written informed consent for inclusion in the survey was previously obtained from all students and their parents. The study was approved by the local ethics committee of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Org State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (protocol No. 258 of 10/09/2020).

Contribution:
Setko A.G. — the concept and design of the study, writing text;
Zhdanova O.M. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text;
Setko N.P. — the concept and design of the study, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: November 8, 2023 / Accepted: December 28, 2023 / Published: January 31, 2024

The population of developed and developing countries is constantly under the influence of a complex of adverse environmental factors that can negatively affect health. The Public health risk assessment is one of the strategic directions of hygiene development in the Russian Federation. Therefore, the study, improvement, and use of health risk assessment are a promising direction and the basis for effective primary prevention of environmentally related diseases in our country.

The purpose of the work is to describe the current directions of risk assessment.

To achieve this goal, the systematization of legislative and methodological documents and the analysis of literary data from a number of sources were carried out. The analysis was made among the sources: «Analiz riska zdorov’yu» (Health risk Analysis), «Gigiena i sanitariya» (Hygiene and Sanitation), “Pubmed”, “eLibrary”, “Cyberleninka”, «Mezhdunarodnyj zhurnal jeksperimental’nogo obrazovanija» (International Journal of Experimental Education). The search was conducted for the keywords: “Risk assessment”, “Combined exposure”. The archive for 2018–2023 was studied in the journal “Analiz riska zdorov’yu”.

As a result, promising areas of scientific research were identified: harmonization of terminology used in assessing health risks; development of methodological approaches to risk assessment associated with exposure to physical factors; development of methodological approaches to assessing the risk associated with the combined impact on the health of the population of adverse environmental factors of various nature; taking into account the individual sensitivity of the population; taking into account the impact of multiple uncertain factors.

Contribution:
Mozganov M.Yu. — the concept and design of the study, collection of material, writing a text;
Nikolaeva N.I. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Filin A.S. — collection of material, writing a text, editing;
Malyshek V.V. — writing a text;
Onishchenko G.G. — the concept and design of the study, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: June 30, 2023 / Accepted: December 28, 2023 / Published: January 31, 202

Introduction. The Russian hygienic standardization system of chemical compounds in water, providing the criteria for harmful effects not only on humans, but also on the sanitary state of water bodies, assumes the value of the general sanitary harmful index which differs local and international approaches to the hygienic standardization of chemical compounds in water.

Aim of research. Justification of the differentiated hygienic standards in water system for various types of water management and the delivery of the algorithm for hygienic standards updating of chemical substances in water with general sanitary index of harmfulness on the basis of contemporary data on their hazard.

Materials and methods. The research material included regulatory documents on the assessment of water quality and safety, methodological documents, and materials on hygienic standards of chemical substances in water for different types of water supply. Comparative analysis and expert assessment methods were used to propose the adjustment algorithm for hygienic standards.

Results. The necessity of updating the existing hygienic standardization system of chemical in water with the establishment of differentiated maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of chemical substances in various types of water management was justified.

It was proposed to actualize maximum MPC, limiting harm index, hazard class for the substances standardized in water according to the algorithm of MPC correction (approximate permissible level) taking into account the current data on their hazard.

Limitations. The research limitation is the lack of chemical hazard results considering current methods and approaches.

Conclusion. The system of two different types of standards will promote more objective hygienic assessment of various types of water use: 1) for drinking water and water from sources of household and drinking water supply; 2) for water from water bodies of cultural and residential water supply.

Compliance with ethical standards. The trial does not require the submission of a biomedical ethics committee opinion or other documents.

Contribution:
Sinitsyna O.O. — conception and design of the study, generalization of data, writing and text editing;
Kuznetsova O.V. — collection and processing of material, text writing;
Turbinskii V.V. — concept and design of the study, text editing;
Pushkareva M.V. — data collection and generalization, text editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: October 19, 2023 / Accepted: December 28, 2023 / Published: January 31, 2024

Знаменательные и юбилейные даты истории гигиены и санитарии 2024 года

31 января 2024 г. исполняется 60 лет Сергею Владимировичу Кузьмину — доктору медицинских наук, профессору, действительному члену Международной академии наук экологии, безопасности человека и природы по секции «Окружающая среда», члену-корреспонденту Российской академии естественных наук по секции «Биомедицина». Вся трудовая деятельность Сергея Владимировича посвящена сохранению и укреплению здоровья населения и повышению санитарно-эпидемиологического благополучия нашей страны.