Vol 100, No 9 (2021)
- Year: 2021
- Published: 06.09.2021
- Articles: 24
- URL: https://edgccjournal.org/0016-9900/issue/view/9611
PROBLEM-SOLVING ARTICLES
Hygiene in supporting scientific and technological development of the country and sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population (to the 130th anniversary of the Federal Scientific Centre of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman)
Abstract
Introduction. Historical analysis is extremely important in assessing the development and achievements of scientific schools and scientific centres. This is especially true concerning research centres operated continuously from the end of the 19th century to almost the first quarter of the 21st century, which include the Federal Scientific Center for Hygiene (FSCH), named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing.
The purpose of the study is to analyze the results, achievements and prospects for further development of the FSCH as the head multidisciplinary scientific institution of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing (Rospotrebnadzor).
Materials and methods. Expert-analytical, historical research has been carried out. Analysis materials include the main results of the centre’s activities in the historical aspect, scientific achievements of the last quarter of a century, plans, directions for ensuring the scientific and technological development of the country in the field of hygiene and health protection, ensuring the sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the country’s population.
Results. The main stages of the formation and development of the FSCH are associated with scientific and technological revolutions, technical progress, the development of all sectors of the national economy. The results of scientific research have made it possible to establish the nature and extent of the impact of environmental factors, industrial and educational environment on the health of various groups of the population. At the turn of the century, the FSCH got involved in nanomaterials and nanotechnologies hazard assessment. Fundamental studies of the FSCH made it possible to reveal the modern mechanisms of the formation of biocenoses of the environment of new innovative complexes with an assessment of the health risk, to establish the effect of the components of the formulations on the mutagenicity of pesticides. An assessment of the risk to the population due to the complex intake of pesticides into the body is also given. FSCH effectively participates in the implementation of national projects “Demography”, “Ecology”, “Clean Air”.
Conclusion. FSCH contributed to the provision of scientific and technological development of the country and the sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of various population groups. The development of the FSCH is associated with participation in the implementation of fundamental and exploratory research approved by order of the Government of the Russian Federation, sectoral research programs of Rospotrebnadzor, national projects “Demography”, “Ecology”, “Clean Air”, events of the Decade of Childhood (2018-2027).
Contribution:
Rakitskii V.N. — a collection of literature data, writing a text;
Kuz’min S.V. — a collection of literature data, writing a text;
Kuchma V.R. — a collection of literature data, writing a text;
Popova A.Yu. — processing of material;
Onishchenko G.G. — processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
882-889
The practice of applying health risk assessment in the Federal Project “Clean Air” in the participating cities (Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Omsk, Novokuznetsk): problems and prospects
Abstract
Introduction. The object of the study is the results obtained during the implementation of the Federal Project (FP) “Clean Air” in 2020 in the supervised participating cities and the assessment of the possibility of implementing the tasks set for Rospotrebnadzor for effective health risk management, reducing morbidity and mortality of the population. The purpose of the study is to assess the risk to public health according to the summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution in the cities of Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Omsk, Novokuznetsk during the implementation of the FP “Clean Air” (baseline, 2017).
Materials and methods. The primary approach to implementing the FP “Clean Air” in 2020 is to use the initial data (summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution) and obtain on their basis the levels of exposure and risks to public health. A software product of the “Ecolog-Gorod” series was used to calculate single and average annual concentrations. The health risk assessment procedure was carried out under the requirements of the manual R 2.1.10.1920-04.
Results. Studies were conducted to assess the risk to public health based on the data of summary calculations of atmospheric air pollution in the cities participating in the FP “Clean Air” (Cherepovets, Lipetsk, Omsk, Novokuznetsk) in 2017 before the start of the measures provided for by the Comprehensive Plans to reduce emissions of pollutants into the atmospheric air. The assessment of the public health risk from atmospheric air pollution made it possible to establish: priority compounds contained in industrial emissions, the primary industrial sources and their share contribution, as well as the contribution of motor transport and independent heat supply sources emissions to the formation of pollution levels in cities; the population exposed to unacceptable risk levels were determined; substances that should be taken into account when quoting emissions were identified. The variants of improving the quality of preparation of the initial data of summary calculations for health risk assessment are recommended.
Conclusion. There are suggested approaches to improving the quality of preparation of initial data of consolidated calculations for health risk assessment.
Contribution:
Kuzmin S.V. — concept and design of the study, writing the text, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Avaliani S.L. — concept and design of study, collection and processing of the material, writing the text;
Dodina N.S. — concept and design of study, collection and processing of the material, writing the text; statistical processing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Shashina T.A. — concept and design of study, collection and processing of the material, writing the text; statistical processing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Kislitsin V.A. — concept and design of study, collection and processing of the material, writing the text; statistical processing;
Sinitsyna O.O. — concept and design of study, writing the text.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
890-896
Development of the national list of carcinogens, mutagens and reprotoxicants and its implementation in the regulation of the circulation of chemicals over the territory of the Russian Federation and member states of the Eurasian economic union
Abstract
Introduction. Highly hazardous chemicals that can cause distant and specific effects in the human body and various representatives of natural biota are circulating on the market. To develop effective measures to minimize the risk of chemicals exposure and to inform the general public in the countries of the European Union, the United States and many other countries, national lists of substances that are potentially dangerous due to one or another type of effect on the body are being created. There are no lists of chemicals with reprotoxic and mutagenic effects in the Russian Federation and the Eurasian Economic Union. There is also a need to update the list of substances with carcinogenic properties.
The aim of the study. Creation of lists of chemicals with reprotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects, based on a single international harmonized approach to the assessment, hazard classification and labelling of these highly hazardous substances.
Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, an analysis of the information was carried out on about two thousand substances included in the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation and the European Union, as well as on a huge array of data from domestic and foreign sources of information, using the principles of evidence-based medicine.
Results. Based on the obtained data, lists of chemicals with reprotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic were formed. The list of chemicals according to the danger of impact on reproductive function and development of offspring, which consists of substances classified into two classes, as well as compounds that affect through lactation. Seventy-five substances were assigned to class 1, 46 were included in the second class, and 16 substances were allocated to a separate class that influences the newborn through lactation. The list of mutagenic effects included 589 chemical substances, and due to the lack of epidemiological data, the analysis did not allow any of the substances to be attributed to hazard class 1A, 438 substances were classified to hazard class 1B, 151 substances were classified to hazard class 2. As a result of the analysis, a list of carcinogens was formed, among which 133 substances were assigned to the 1st class, and 244 were classified to the 2nd hazard class.
Conclusion. These lists, to implement the Technical Regulations of the Eurasian Economic Union “On the Safety of Chemical Products” (TR EAEU 041/2017), were included in Annex No. 7 of the Procedure for Forming and Maintaining the Register of Chemicals and Mixtures of the Eurasian Economic Union, and also formed the basis for coding production and consumption waste according to these effects.
Contribution:
Khamidulina Kh.Kh. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Rabikova D.N. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing a text.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
897-902
Informatization of education: medical and social problems, technologies for hygienic safety students training
Abstract
Introduction. The digitalization of education in the Russian Federation accompanied by the intensive use of digital tools in children and adolescents’ education and leisure activities actualizes the problems of preserving the health of the younger generation.
The aim of the study was to assess the current medical and social problems of informatization of education and the formation of approaches to the hygienic regulation of the main risk factors for the health of students, to determine the technologies for ensuring their hygienic safety in the digital environment.
Materials and methods. The expert and analytical research were carried out using scientific publications, Internet resources, normative and methodological documents showing the features of the organization of educational activities of students in the digital environment, the technology of ensuring their hygienic safety.
Results. It shows the high degree of development of the digital environment in the Russian education system; a diverse arsenal of digital educational resources and services that are most in demand by participants in the educational process; prospects for the modernization and development of education in the course of the introduction of the digital educational environment (DEE). The new digital environment can negatively impact the lifestyle and behavior of children and adolescents and contribute to the formation of additional risk factors for their health. In the context of the increased informatization of the educational process and the active use of electronic learning tools (ESE), there is an increase in the information load and psychoemotional overstrain in children and adolescents, an increase in various forms of information dependence, borderline mental disorders and behavioural disorders, the prevalence of school-related conditions and diseases.
Conclusion. Among the measures related to the safety of the use of digital technologies and means of their provision in the educational and leisure activities of children, the implementation of technologies aimed at assessing the main risk factors for children’s health in the developing digital environment and the prospects for the development of hygienic rationing; compliance with hygiene regulations and rules of work when using ESO; training and education of children, parents and teachers; expertise of educational programs and technologies; monitoring the effectiveness of the implementation of DEE.
Contribution:
Kuchma V.R. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Polenova M.A. — the concept and design of the study, collection of literature data, writing a text, editing;
Stepanova M.I. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.
903-909
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Sanitary and epidemiological features of recreational water use of the Tuapse district of the Krasnodar region
Abstract
Introduction. The state of the recreational system of the Black Sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory is of particular interest and great importance for the development of the medical and health complex in Russia. Currently, the Krasnodar Territory has a state task to develop beach tourism on the sea coast, one of the priority sectors of the Russian economy. Considering the territorial features of the Municipal Formation Tuapse region of the Krasnodar Territory, the priority direction in the work of the Tuapse branch of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Krasnodar Territory is water protection measures aimed at ensuring the safety of public health. The study of the causal relationships of health and the environment based on the materials of social and hygienic monitoring and analysis of information data on indicators of human health and the environment determines the tactics of developing regional short-term and long-term preventive measures and programs to improve the environment and optimize the health of the population.
Purpose of the study. studying the sanitary and epidemiological state of the recreation zones (beaches) of the Tuapse district of the Krasnodar region.
Materials and methods. the work is based on the materials of annual reports on sanitary and epidemiological well being in the Tuapse region of the Krasnodar Territory, the analysis of expert opinions and laboratory studies carried out by employees of the Tuapse branch of the Center for Hygiene and Epidemiology in the Krasnodar Territory, the analysis of infectious morbidity, and the analysis of legislative and other regulatory requirements for the establishment and control of the state of recreation zones was also carried out
Results and discussion. difficulties with the implementation of sanitary and epidemiological control (supervision) over recreation areas are associated with: the imperfection of modern legislation on recreation zones, lack of publicly available information on the state of recreation areas and programs (plans) of sanitary and recreational activities, need for significant material resources to bring the existing and replace outdated sewage water treatment systems that pollute the water area of recreational areas in compliance with the regulatory requirements.
Conclusions. The paper presents the features of the recreational water use of the Tuapse region of the Krasnodar Territory, describes the problems of the improvement of the recreational zones of the region. An analysis of laboratory studies of the recreational waters of the Black Sea over the past ten years and an analysis of the incidence of intestinal and enteroviral infections in the population of the Tuapse region of the Krasnodar Territory were carried out, seasonal fluctuations in the incidence rate were identified (an increase during July-August). The increase in the morbidity rate in the summer is due to the influx of vacationers. The expediency of developing a draft system for assessing the sanitary and epidemiological reliability (disadvantage) of the recreation zone for ranking objects and creating an electronic database of objects is considered. This set of measures will effectively provide a risk-oriented model of sanitary and epidemiological control (supervision) over recreation areas.
Contribution:
Lavrik E.P. — collection and analysis of information, writing the text of the manuscript;
Trukhina G.M. — development of research design and editing of materials, interpretation of work results;
Kravchenko A.G. — collecting information, writing the text of the manuscript;
Vysotin S.A. — collection of information, registration of graphic data;
Vysotina A.T. — collection of information, review of publications on the topic of the article;
Dmitrieva N.A. — review of publications on the topic of the article.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.
910-916
Hygienic evaluation of diflubenzuron-based pesticides in various application technologies
Abstract
Introduction. In connection with the widespread introduction of new preparative forms of pesticides and methods of their introduction into the environment, the urgent task of the modern period is to minimize the risk of exposure to pesticides on the health of workers and the population-the use of diflubenzuron of low and medium toxicity increases. Therefore, a mandatory criterion for assessing risk is registration tests, carried out during several stages — as hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, risk characterization.
Purpose of work. To assess the regularities of the formation of the risk of diflubenzuron by exposure and by the absorbed dose, depending on the type of preparative form of pesticides with different technologies of their introduction and regulating safe use measures.
Materials and methods. The obtained exposure levels of insecticides based on diflubenzuron in the air and on the skin were compared with the hygienic standards calculated and experimentally established as follows: MPC (mg/m3) in the air of the working area and approximate admissible level (AAL) (mg/cm2) of skin contamination. The exposure level risk was determined by the safety level (SL) SLsumm value. The risk of exposure to insecticides based on diflubenzuron for the operator / user / refueller / pilot / signaller based on the absorbed dose, determined by the safety factor — SLp, and the exposure — SBsumm, is considered acceptable when SLsumm and SLp < 1.
Results. The paper presents the risk analysis results of the impact of diflubenzuron-based insecticides studied in natural conditions using 27 drugs with different preparative forms and methods (technologies) of their introduction into the environment. The risk of exposure to insecticides (SLsumm) for all technologies is acceptable SL. The risk of absorbed dose (SLp) was more significant regardless of the type of formulation. Wettable powder formulations are more unfavourable to use than other formulations.
Conclusion. The conditions for the use of preparations based on diflubenzuron in the technologies of ground boom spraying and fan spraying of field and horticultural crops, in the treatment of field and forest crops by the aerial method, in the treatment of field and horticultural crops in private household plots, in the treatment of champignons in protected ground, compliance with regulations and measures safety meet hygienic requirements.
Contribution:
Artemova O.V. — collection and processing material;
Tarasova L.S. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, collection of literature data, text writing;
Ilnitskaya A.V. — the concept and design of the study, writing text;
Lipkina L.I. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.
917-922
On the hygienic scientific provision of the Water strategy of the Russian Federation
Abstract
Increased competition between producers has now become one of the critical features of the country’s economy. Within the framework of the Water Strategy of the Russian Federation, technological issues play a significant role both in the protection of water resources and in compliance with the safety requirements and favourable quality of the water used. For more than 20 years worldwide, there has been a transition from a hazard-oriented to a risk-oriented approach in the organization of nature and water protection activities. The use of a risk-based approach determines the mandatory monitoring of all pollutants and calculation methods for assessing various types of toxicity of a substance, their hazardous concentrations based on knowledge of the structure and information about the hazard of substances from international databases and registers. Based on the analysis of the main provisions of the Water Strategy of the Russian Federation until 2020 in conjunction with the conditions of water use affecting the health of the population, the priority problems of technological development in the water protection sector and their medical and preventive support were identified. Measures have been outlined to ensure the compliance of the technology for the protection of water bodies, sources of household and drinking water supply to the population and industrial development for monitoring the effectiveness and efficiency of hygienic regulation, sanitary and epidemiological examination of project documentation and a risk-oriented approach to ensuring the activities of business entities on the territory of sanitary protection zones of drinking water sources: water supply, wastewater treatment from point and diffuse sources of pollution.
Contribution:
Sinitsyna O.O. — concept and design of the study, text editing;
Turbinsky V.V. — collection and processing of material, writing text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
923-928
Hygienic assessment of the impact of 5G/IMT-2020 communication networks on public health (literature review)
Abstract
The program “Digital Economy of the Russian Federation” approved the Concept for the creation and development of 5G / IMT-2020 networks. The development of 5G communications will significantly impact the implementation of many innovative projects and initiatives: the Smart City project, Unmanned Transport, etc. Along with significant technical advantages compared to previous generations of communication (2G, 3G, 4G), 5G technology has completely different emitting characteristics: more emitting elements, signal modulation, three-dimensional beam, the ability to control the beam, SHF (ultra-high) and EHF (extremely high) radio frequency ranges and centimetre and millimetre wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
Therefore, it is becoming an especially urgent problem to ensure exposure to the human body of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields of the radio frequency range (30 kHz–300 GHz). The authors searched the literature on the biological effects of 5G cellular communications and electromagnetic radiation in the centimetre and millimetre ranges using the appropriate keywords in PubMed search engines, Scopus, Web of Science, Medline, The Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Global Health, CyberLeninka, RSCI and others.
There is currently tentative and conflicting evidence on the impact of 5G. The rapidly growing density of wireless devices and antennas (considering future 5G networks) increases the public health risk from exposure to RF EMFs as the penetration depth for 5G EHF radiation is only a few millimetres. At these wavelengths, resonance phenomena are possible at the cellular and molecular levels, particularly concerning stimulating SHF and EHF oxidative processes and damaging DNA. The influence of the millimetre range of RF-EMF is poorly understood; oncological and non-oncological (impact on the reproductive, immune systems, etc.) effects are possible. Using numerical simulation methods of EMF radiation resonances on insects, Thielens A et al., 2018, found a significant overall increase in the absorbed RF power at a frequency of 6 GHz and higher than a frequency below 6 GHz.
Contribution:
Egorova A.M. — collection of literature data, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Lutsenko L.A. — editing, approval of the final version of the article;
Sukhova A.V. — text writing, editing;
Kolyuka V.V. — collection of literature data;
Turdyev R.V. — collection of literary data, text writing. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.
929-932
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Assessment of the influence of pesticides based on glyphosate on the health of agricultural producers
Abstract
Introduction. The results of a hygienic risk assessment of the use of pesticides based on glyphosate in agricultural production are presented. The study of the pathogenetic mechanisms of action on the body of widely used glyphosate-containing herbicides and the search for markers of health conditions that change under the influence of these drugs are of increasing interest for the early diagnosis of pathological processes and the prevention of occupational and occupational diseases.
The aim of this study was to assess the health effects of glyphosate-based pesticides on the health of operators in an agricultural environment.
Materials and methods. The clinical material for the study was the plasma and erythrocytes of the peripheral blood of operators in contact with glyphosate-containing pesticides. As a control group, 20 clinically healthy individuals of the same age group, who had no contact with the studied pesticides, were selected. There were assessed leading indices of general clinical and biochemical blood tests and markers of endogenous intoxication and oxidative stress.
Results. There were established acceptable risk of exposure to pesticides on workers, subject to compliance with technological regulations and safety requirements. Minor deviations of indicators of general and biochemical blood tests were revealed. A statistically significant increase in the total level of carbonyl derivatives compared to control was obtained among operators who had more substantial contact with glyphosate-containing pesticides.
Conclusion. Working conditions when using preparations in the form of aqueous solutions containing glyphosate, using ground-based spraying of steam fields with a consumption rate of 8 l / ha, subject to compliance with regulations and safety measures, comply with hygienic requirements. The established statistically significant changes in the blood parameters of the operators in comparison with the control group indicate the presence of a risk to the health for workers in contact with glyphosate-containing pesticides and indicates the need for additional biochemical studies during periodic medical examinations of agricultural workers for the early detection of deviations in the health state caused by exposure to pesticides, including those containing glyphosate.
Contribution:
Miroshnikova D.I. — the concept and design of the research, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing the text;
Rakitskii V.N. — the concept and design of the research, editing;
Bereznyak I.V. — collection and processing of material, writing the text;
Ivanova L.G. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
933-937
Assessment of cytotoxicity of an original industrial aerosol containing a high percentage of amorphous silica in the nanometer range
Abstract
Introduction. At the current stage of hygienic evaluation, the substantiation of at least approximate safe concentrations in the ambient air of populated areas for nanoparticles is an up-to-date challenge. Its persistence dissolves the guidelines for risk management and divests the supervisory bodies of legal support. A comparative toxicological evaluation of the studied substance and its chemical analogue is one of the guidelines for the academic substantiation of the hygienic standards for the permissible content of hazardous substances in the air. It already has previously defined exposure standards.
Materials and methods. To investigate the cytotoxicity of the studied particles, a shift of the cellular composition of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was used. Also, some biochemical measurements of the BALF supernatant were investigated. Outbred female rats were instilled with a suspension of particles in the volume of 1 ml of various concentrations in the form of an intratracheal suspension. Distilled water was used as a solvent. Statistical analysis of the data obtained was performed using the Student’s t-test.
Results. The comparative assessment of the cytotoxicity of an original industrial aerosol containing 72% amorphous silica with an average particle size of 90 nm (SiO2 IA) was performed. It also included engineered particles of amorphous silica with an average size of 43 nm (SiO2 NPs), a commercial, an industrial sample of 100% amorphous silica with a particle size of 5 to 60 nm (amorphous SiO2), and a reference sample of standard quartz DQ12 in a volume of 1 ml of water suspension. Under the findings of changes in the cellular composition of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 24 hours after the intratracheal instillation of these particles, it was revealed that the biological power (in terms of the NL/AM ratio) of both SiO2 NPs and amorphous SiO2 is statistically much higher than the industrial aerosol under study. It is also higher than the standard quartz dust DQ12. In this regard, the cytotoxicity of SiO2 IA may be explained by the predominant content of amorphous silica nanoparticles in it.
Conclusion. Under the obtained results, the appropriateness of using indicative safe exposure levels (ISEL) of 0.02 mg/m3 for amorphous silica needs to be reviewed. The safe reference level of impact guideline does not contain data concerning the particle size and the percentage of amorphous SiO2 in the aerosol. Nevertheless, it is impossible to pollute the ambient air with an aerosol containing only this substance.
Contribution:
Solovyеva S.N. — collection and processing of material;
Sutunkova M.P. — the concept and design of the study, writing;
Kuzmin S.V. — the concept and design of the study;
Privalova L.I. — the concept and design of the study, editing;
Gurvich V.B. — the concept and design of the study;
Katsnelson B.A. — concept and design of the study.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
938-942
Features of metabolic pathology of the liver under the influence of industrial aerosols
Abstract
Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of the features of the metabolic pathology of the liver under the influence of harmful industrial factors.
The relevance of the study of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease of workers in contact with industrial aerosols is due to the high prevalence of the disease among the working-age population, the polyethological nature of the pathology, including the pathogenetic relationship with external household and occupational toxic effects.
Materials and methods. The were examined two hundred four industrial production workers, divided into four groups according to the composition of the affected aerosol: copper-nickel ore dust, welding aerosol, quartz-containing dust, carbon-based dust. The survey was conducted using the AUDIT questionnaire, examination of patients, anthropometry, ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs, biochemical blood analysis, determination of viral hepatitis B and C markers, and serum immunoglobulins.
Results. The frequency of detection of ultrasonic signs of liver damage in the examined patients who came into contact with copper-nickel aerosol dust significantly exceeds the same indicator of the studied patients who came into contact with quartz-containing dust (p < 0.05) and also exceeds the frequency of detection in the group working under the influence of carbon-based and welding aerosol (p > 0.05). Most often, an increase in the activity of liver enzymes was noted among those working in contact with copper-nickel ore dust. Significant differences were found between groups 1 and 3; 1 and 4 (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between the groups in the frequency of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism disorders and biliary tract pathology.
Discussion. The results of the study may be related to the toxic effects of the copper-nickel aerosol but may also be associated with the climatogeographic features of the workers‘ habitat.
Conclusion. The prevalence of liver diseases in the group that came into contact with copper-nickel dust was established. The revealed changes do not depend on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism features, pathology of the biliary tract. For a detailed study of liver damage in industrial workers, it is necessary to conduct an in-depth study.
Contribution:
Sheenkova M.V. — collection of material, data processing, statistical analysis, text writing, collection of literary data;
Rushkevich O.P. — data processing, text writing, discussion of results, collection of literary data;
Yatsyna I.V. — data processing, text writing, results discussion, article editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
943-946
Comparative analysis of the potential and actual risk of noise-induced hearing loss in employees of “noise” industries
Abstract
Introduction. The high incidence of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) makes it possible to attribute the problem of prevention and prediction of the risk of NIHL to the number of socially significant ones.
The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative assessment of the potential risk of hearing loss caused by noise according to GOST R ISO 1999-2017, and the actual risk of NIHL in workers of “noise” industries according to epidemiological research.
Materials and methods. The calculation of the potential risk of hearing loss according to GOST R ISO 1999-2017 included assessing age, noise and total hearing loss at noise exposure with 85, 90, 95 and 100 dBA. The actual risk of NIHL was evaluated on survey data of 600 miners and 600 workers of processing plants.
Results. The calculation of the probable risk according to GOST R ISO 1999-2017 and the assessment of the actual risk according to epidemiological studies showed that the risk of NIHL depends on both noise exposure and age. As the levels of noise affecting an employee increase, the risk of an NIHL becomes more determined by the effect of noise. At noise levels 85, 90 and 95 dBA, the probable risk calculated under GOST R ISO 1999-2017 coincides with the actual risk established according to epidemiological studies. At the same time, for miners exposed to high-intensity noise 100 dBА, the real risk was not as high as could be assumed from the calculated data.
Conclusion. The results obtained allow stating that the GOST ISO 1999-2017 standard with a high degree of potential risk allows predicting the group risk of hearing loss due to noise exposure, to quantify the degree of risk and can be used for the formation of risk groups for NIHL and the development of programs for the preservation of hearing.
Contribution:
Preobrazhenskaia E.A. — the concept and design of the study, collection and static processing of material, writing a text, collection of literature data, editing;
Sukhova A.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection and static processing of material, writing a text, collection of literature data, editing;
Kriuchkova E.A. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text, collection of literature data, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
947-952
Selecting informative biomarkers for early diagnosis of occupational neurological diseases
Abstract
Introduction. At present, the patterns of changes in the levels of biomarkers and the relationship of changes in their values with the pathogenesis of diseases caused by the impact of adverse factors of labour activity are not sufficiently studied. The most unresolved issues are the choice of informative laboratory indicators and diagnostic test systems in investigating the impact of physical factors on the working environment (vibration and physical overload) neurohumoral regulation: pituitary-adrenal pituitary-thyroid, pituitary-gonadal system and hormonal indicators of carbohydrate metabolism.
The aim of the study was to determine diagnostic hormonal markers and integral indices to identify early changes in the neurohumoral status in the body of workers under the influence of working environment factors.
Materials and methods. 330 workers of mining and machine-building enterprises were examined. Of these, 128 people with vibration disease, 45 people - with lumbosacral radiculopathy, combined pathology (vibration disease and lumbosacral radiculopathy) was detected in 60 persons. The preclinical stage (initial signs of diseases) was noted in 97 workers. Laboratory studies included hormones and integral indices of the pituitary-adrenal, pituitary-thyroid, pituitary-gonadal system, carbohydrate metabolism. To select the diagnostic significance of laboratory biomarkers, diagnostic sensitivity, prenosological value, pathognomonicity, direction, severity, and selectivity of changes in biomarker levels were evaluated.
Results. The combined effect of vibration and physical overload on the body of workers was found to have a unidirectional and systemic impact on the levels of hormones of the pituitary-adrenal, pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-gonadal systems, increases insulin resistance. The severity of changes in neurohumoral regulation indicators depends on the nature and severity of the occupational neurological disease. The highest diagnostic sensitivity (Df = 72–74%) in vibration disease and its combination with lumbosacral radiculopathy was obtained for pituitary-gonadal hormones and indicators of insulin resistance. The lowest values of Dh are typical for the hormones of the pituitary-thyroid system (no more than 14%). To identify early changes in neurohumoral regulation in the body under the influence of vibration and physical exertion, it is most informative to determine the concentration of total testosterone, luteinizing hormone and insulin, as well as the integral pituitary-adrenal index, insulin resistance indices. To identify hidden disorders of the pituitary-thyroid system, the definition of the essential thyroid index can be used.
Discussion. The results obtained allowed us to assess the nature of changes in the levels of hormones of the pituitary-adrenal, pituitary-thyroid and pituitary-gonadal systems and carbohydrate metabolism and to propose informative laboratory biomarkers reflecting early changes in neurohumoral regulation under the influence of physical factors of the working environment.
Conclusions. To identify early changes in neurohumoral regulation in the body of workers under the influence of vibration and physical exertion, the most informative is the determination of the concentration of total testosterone, luteinizing hormone and insulin, the integral pituitary-adrenal index, and insulin resistance indices. To identify hidden disorders of the pituitary-thyroid system, the definition of the integral thyroid index can be used.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
953-958
Influence of factors of electroplating production on the immunoreactivity of the body of workers
Abstract
Introduction. Modern electroplating production is the leader in air pollution of the working area with substances containing highly toxic compounds. Therefore, early detection of the negative impact of harmful factors on the body of workers is of paramount importance.
The purpose of the study: to evaluate changes in individual parts of the immune system under prolonged exposure to chemical factors of the production environment.
Materials and methods. 195 employees of electroplating production (the leading group) and 67 employees who are not in contact with harmful factors of the production environment (the control group) were examined. Cytochemical and immunological studies were performed according to standard and unified methods. The nickel content in the urine was determined by the voltammetric method.
Results. With an increase in the work experience of workers, there is a decrease in the activity of myeloperoxidase of neutrophils MPn (r = –0.89) and an increase in the activity of acid phosphatase of neutrophils AcPN, alkaline phosphatase of neutrophils AlPN (r = 0,88–0,91). There was a destabilization of the cellular component of the immune response, characterized by a decrease in the immunoregulatory index by 2.0 times, and activation of the humoral component with an increase in the levels of IgM, IgE and circulating immune complexes by 1.4–1.8 times relative to the control. An imbalance of cytokine regulation was established, where proinflammatory responses with increased cytokine production by 1.5–3.5 times (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4) prevail. The relationship between the concentration of nickel in the urine and changes in the parameters of AcPN (r = 0.87), MPn (r = –0.84), IgA (r = –0.72); IL-1β, IL-4, IgE, (r = 0.62–0.71), confirming the priority effect of nickel compounds on the established changes.
Conclusion. The identified violations of the immunoreactivity of the workers‘ body can contribute to the development of immunodeficiency, allergic and autoimmune conditions that underlie occupational and industrial-related diseases. The proposed biomarkers are recommended to be used for early diagnosis of health disorders in workers of electroplating production, formation of “risk groups”, evaluation of the effectiveness of timely preventive and rehabilitation measures.
Contribution:
Kryuchkova E.N. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing;
Antoshina L.I. — collection and processing of material;
Sukhova A.V. — writing, editing;
Preobrazhenskaya E.A. — concept and design of the study.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
959-963
The impact of harmful occupational risk factors on the markers of bone metabolism in industrial workers
Abstract
Introduction. Unfavourable factors of the working environment affect bone tissue, increasing the risk of developing osteoporosis in workers of harmful industries, which is an urgent social and hygienic problem due to the high prevalence and severity of medical and social consequences.
The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of industrial vibration and physical overload on the markers of bone metabolism in industrial workers.
Materials and methods. One hundred fifty-two employees of mining and mechanical engineering enterprises in contact with industrial vibration and physical overload were examined. The assessment of bone tissue metabolism in the workers was carried out by the method of solid-phase enzyme immunoassay to determine biochemical markers of bone metabolism: bone alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, C-terminal serum telopeptide, cathepsin K, as well as indicators of calcium-phosphorus metabolism. X-ray densitometry was used to assess bone mineral density.
Results. There was a significant decrease in the markers of osteogenesis: the concentration of CSF (14.26 ± 4.13 and 18.69 ± 5.28, respectively, p < 0.05) and osteocalcin (12.23 ± 4.15 and 17.84 ± 5.17, respectively, p < 0.05) and an increase in the markers of bone resorption: the level of beta-CrossLaps (0.629 ± 0.162 and 0.361 ± 0.095, respectively, p = 0.002) and the level of cathepsin K (12.49 ± 5.28 and 0.59 ± 0.02, respectively, p < 0.001) in workers of industrial enterprises exposed to physical factors of production. The correlation between the markers of bone metabolism and the experience of exposure to adverse working conditions was established.
Conclusion. Combined exposure to physical labour factors is a predictor of calcium–phosphorus metabolism and bone metabolism disorders, increasing the risk of metabolic osteopathy in industrial workers.
Contribution:
Lapko I.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection of literature data, writing a text;
Klimkina K.V. — writing text, collection and processing of material, statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.
964-968
A probabilistic model for risk assessment and predicting the health risk of occupational exposure to pesticides in agriculture
Abstract
Introduction. The main point is the influence of a complex of chemical and physical stressors on agricultural machine operators. The processes of occurrence and interaction of harmful factors are probable. Markov processes are a convenient model that can describe the behaviour of physical processes with random dynamics.
Purpose of the work: was to develop a probabilistic model of risk assessment for agriculture workers during the application of pesticides based on Markov processes’ theory and evaluate with the help of the developed model the probability of occurrence, the degree of severity and the prediction of the different influence of adverse factors on the operator.
Materials and methods. The mechanized treatment of pesticide is presented in the form of a system, the states of which are ranked according to the degree of danger to the operator: from non-dangerous to dangerous. The transition occurs under the influence of negative factors and is characterized by the probability of pij transition. Based on the marked graph of the system states, a stochastic matrix P[ij] of transition probabilities was constructed in one step. There are formulas by which it is possible to calculate the state of systems in k steps for a homogeneous and non-homogeneous Markov chain.
Results. Based on Markov chains’ theory, the system’s behaviour is modelled when using single-component preparations based on imidacloprid for rod spraying of field crops. Received vector of probabilities of possible hazardous conditions for the employee after each hour of spraying within 10 hours. After 6 hours of working, the probabilistic risk for the operator to stay in a non-dangerous state is about 50%, and the probability risk of going into a dangerous — at 24%. The stationary probability distribution results show the inevitability of the transition to a hazardous state of the system if enough steps have been taken.
Conclusion. With this model, you can supplement the operator’s health risk assessment system, analyze, compare and summarize the results of years of research. The calculated statistical probabilities can be used in the development of new hygiene regulations with using pesticides.
Contribution:
Rakitskii V.N. — responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript, approval of the final version of the article;
Zavolokina N.G. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Bereznyak I.V. — editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.
969-974
Improving the methodology for assessing occupational risk in workers under the influence of physical factors
Abstract
Introduction. One of the main factors shaping the health of the working population is occupation conditions. According to official statistics, about a quarter of employees are exposed to production factors that do not meet sanitary standards.
Materials and methods. A study of the working conditions and health of workers of the leading professional groups of mining and mechanical engineering enterprises, including an assessment of the occupational doses of noise and vibration, was conducted; morbidity with a temporary disability (TDA), occupational morbidity, clinical and laboratory indicators, including the leading indicators of hemodynamics, integral indicators of the cardiovascular system, the rate of acceleration of ageing, types of adaptive reactions of the body, the analysis of endothelin concentration, the state of the antioxidant status and lipid spectrum, indicators of rheovasography and stimulation electroneuromyography of the extremities, bone-dystrophic changes according to radiography and ultrasound bone sonometry, psychological testing data.
Results. The main harmful factors of working conditions of workers of the leading professional groups of mining and machine-building enterprises are noise, vibration (general and local), and the labour process’s severity. According to the results of the analysis of the incidence of TDA, diseases of risk at all studied enterprises are the pathology of the respiratory and musculoskeletal systems. The first rank place in the structure of occupational pathology is occupied by vibration disease. An increase in the integral indicators of the cardiovascular system activity, characterizing the tension of adaptive mechanisms in the group of trained workers, was revealed. According to the study, the characteristic early signs of markers of the risk of developing occupational diseases are an increase in the concentration of endothelin and a decrease in the rate of excitation along with the motor and sensory fibres of the peripheral nerves.
Conclusion. Based on the results obtained, prevention and rehabilitation programs have been developed, taking into account the calculated probationary doses of noise and vibration, the detected early signs of occupational diseases, aimed at preventing the development of health disorders and restoring damaged functions in workers exposed to physical factors of the production environment.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
975-979
Hygienic assessment of the skin-resorptive effect of xenobiotics (literature review)
Abstract
The basis of safety for working with chemicals, including pesticides, is to minimize contact with them and prevent them from entering the body by inhalation and dermal route, sometimes in actual production conditions, the skin pathway can be more dangerous. The most studied inhalation route of harmful substances entering the body of a working person is confirmed by an extensive evidence base, the presence of regulatory and methodological documents, experimentally established and approved MPC in the air of the occupational area for 2484 substances, and 601 substances included in SanPiN 1.2.3685-211. The maximum permissible levels (MPL) on the skin are presented for only 26 substances in the same document. Identification and evaluation of the skin-resorptive effect of xenobiotics have methodological features due to the properties of the skin, which performs a barrier-protective function, and the physico-chemical, toxic properties of substances. The main stages of development in the domestic hygienic science and practice of research on the study and assessment of the skin-resorptive effect of xenobiotics in industrial contact with them are presented. The continuity of research on the study and evaluation of the skin-resorptive impact of chemicals used in various industries and agriculture is shown, making it possible to develop methodological approaches to the identification and risk assessment of dermal absorption of xenobiotics, including pesticides, within the organisms of workers. Evaluating the risk of skin contamination is the main argument for the development of measures for the primary prevention of skin resorptive action. Establishing the priority of the dermal route of toxicant intake is an evidence-based justification for making decisions about the possibility of using, for example, pesticides on the territory of the Russian Federation. The literature review is based on open sources hosted on virtual database platforms: Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, Global Health, e-LIBRARY, Electronic Fund of Legal and Regulatory Documents, etc.
Contribution:
Bereznyak I.V. — concept and design of the article, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript, approval of the final version of the article;
Lipkina L.I., Fedorova N.E, Nikolayeva N.I. — collection of literature data, collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Zavolokina N.G. — collection and processing of material. All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. Authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The research was carried out within the framework of the project of the program «Scientific justification of the national system for ensuring sanitary and epidemiological well-being, health risk management and improving the quality of life of the population of Russia».
1 Hygienic standards and requirements for ensuring the safety and (or) harmlessness to humans of environmental factors: SanPiN 1.2.3685-21; Approved by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. Resolution of the Chief State Sanitary Doctor of the Russian Federation No. 2 of 28.01.2021.
980-984
FOOD HYGIENE
Safety of food products intended for children: residual amounts of pesticides (literature review)
Abstract
The literature review examines data on the assessment of contamination of food products and biological media with organochlorine pesticides, modern approaches, and methods for the identification and quantification of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) as follows: hexachlorobenzene (HCB), aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, and endrin in various vegetable matrices, of animal origin (food products) and biological media (breast milk, blood serum, tissues). These pesticides, along with DDT and its metabolites and HCH (α, β, γ isomers), are persisting organic pollutants (POPs) according to the list of the Stockholm POPs Convention, included in the so-called global “dirty dozen substances”. Despite the prohibition of the production of these pesticides by most countries of the world community and the elimination of the quantities already produced, their migration along the food chain from contaminated objects of the environment to plants, and through plants to animals and humans, is still observed. Today’s contamination with OCPs and their metabolites remains a severe problem since they are detected in environmental objects, food products, and baby formula and breast milk. The literature review is based on virtual database platforms: Elsevier, PubMed, Science Direct, Medline, SciELO, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, e-LIBRARY, Electronic collection of legal and regulatory documents, and others.
Contribution:
Kuzmin S.V. — research concept;
Dobreva N.I. — collection and processing of material, writing text;
Fedorova N.E. — collection and processing of material, writing an article, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
985-990
Development of fundamental and applied research in the field of food hygiene
Abstract
The review summarizes the directions of the results of scientific activities of the Department of Food Hygiene of the Federal Scientific Center for Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing. Since the day of its foundation, the employees have been working on the examination of food products, the development of methods for the study of food and ready-made meals, the prevention of food poisoning of bacterial and non-bacterial aetiology, as well as the hygienic assessment and control of the produced utensils and containers. Based on the department, capital studies were carried out to study and rationalize the nutrition of certain groups of the population: industrial workers (engaged in the development of coal mines, working at metallurgical and mining enterprises, etc.), children and adolescents of various institutions. The article highlights the main directions of work on the study and development of methods for hygienic and chemical research of public catering and food industry products, on the hygienic assessment of pesticides and new methods of food processing technology. Attention is paid to studies on establishing migration patterns and deciphering the mechanisms of biological action of toxic substances released from materials in contact with food. A significant contribution was the scientific substantiation of hygienic food system optimization using preventive foods for contingents of persons in extreme environmental conditions, including astronauts. The result of the research was the development of medico-biological requirements for specialized products intended for feeding people in extreme conditions of space flight and wounded with damage to the skeletal system. The works of the outstanding employees of the department have made a significant contribution to the science of hygiene and sanitary practice.
Contribution. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
991-997
HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Hygienic requirements for school buildings’ modern architectural and planning solutions
Abstract
Introduction. In the last decade, it has become evident that the school is not ready to provide the material and technical capabilities for the modern educational process. The school design strategy is changing, but these innovations are hardly reflected in the research of hygienists.
The purpose of the study is to substantiate the hygienic requirements for modern architectural and planning solutions of school buildings.
Materials and methods. Expert-analytical research was carried out. The object of the study: documents regulating the sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population, the development of school education infrastructure, documents and publications that reveal the prospects for designing schools.
Results. Most functioning school buildings do not meet the requirements for modern school infrastructure. Fewer and fewer students report that they “really like school”, which negatively affects their academic performance and psychological wellbeing. The need for fundamental changes in the construction of school buildings is recorded in the National Educational Initiative “Our New School” (2010). The design decisions of school buildings should take into account the experience of quarantine measures that had to be faced in the context of the spread of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Hygienic requirements for modern architectural and planning solutions for school buildings are: taking into account climatic and geographical conditions; ensuring the psychological wellbeing of children, primarily due to the optimal number of classes and placement of educational premises for different age groups on separate floors, in blocks, buildings; convenient functional connections with the site; the possibility of transforming beliefs, protection from the effects of physical factors and the penetration of pollution from the environment, safe use of digital learning tools, optimal lighting and air-heat regime; sufficient area of educational premises for one student; optimal conditions for physical activity and physical education, regular healthy nutrition, meeting the needs of students in primary health care.
Conclusion. Hygienic requirements for the spatial characteristics of school buildings should take into account the new risks to children’s health.
Contribution:
Kuchma V.R. — the concept and design of the study; writing a text, editing;
Stepanova M.I. — the concept and design of the study, collection of literature data, writing a text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
998-1003
METHODS OF HYGIENIC AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
Biological monitoring — as a method of hygienic assessment of the effects of pesticides on workers
Abstract
Introduction. When conducting registration tests of the active substances of pesticides, it is essential to assess the risk for workers using these pesticide preparations in field experiments, where there is a direct human interaction with a potentially hazardous substance. The use of personal protective equipment and strict adherence to the regulations for the use of pesticide preparations cannot guarantee complete protection against contact with aggressive components. Biomonitoring occupies a special place in studies on the assessment of exposure of workers with pesticides, which makes it possible to assess the actual, rather than potential, absorption of a biologically active substance.
Purpose of the work. Study of biomaterial (urine) of employees participating in field experiments when working with drugs based on active substances of the neonicotinoid group to determine their trace amounts by high performance liquid chromatography with a mass detector and risk assessment for those working with these pesticides.
Materials and methods. Preparation of urine samples and their subsequent analysis for the content of residual amounts of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin were performed in accordance with the certified method “Measurement of the concentration of active substances of pesticides of the neonicotinoid class in urine”. The measurements were carried out using a method based on a tandem high performance liquid chromatography with a triple quadrupole mass detector, which makes it possible to estimate the minimum levels of active substances by two transitions of the parent ions (for quantitative calculation and confirmation by the ionic ratio). Electrostatic sputtering was used as a source of ionization; measurements were carried out in the multiple reaction monitoring mode.
Results. The detected levels of imidacloprid in the urine of the researchers correspond to the data on the exposure assessment obtained from the results of measuring the concentration of this active substance in the air of the working area, as well as in washes from the skin of workers in agriculture. The maximum content of imidacloprid was revealed during the sowing of the etched seed material.
Conclusion. Based on the data obtained, it was concluded that biomonitoring is the preferred method in a production environment due to its simplicity and sufficient information content.
Contribution:
Rakitskii V.N. — concept and design of the study;
Mikheeva E.N. — research concept and design;
Grechina M.S. — collection and processing of material, statistical analysis, writing of the manuscript, collection of literature data.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
1004-1008
Hygienic and chemical-analytical support for the safe use of pesticides of the dithiocarbamate group
Abstract
Introduction. There is continued trend in recent years of increasing the use of new chemicals, most of which are potential sources of risk to human health. The hygienic assessment of their application in the regions of the Russian Federation using various technologies is becoming more and more relevant.
The aim of the work was to determine the exposure levels of mankoceb, tiram and metiram (pesticides of the dithiacarbamate group), to establish the threshold of the acceptable risk of exposure to pesticides for workers while complying with technical recommendations and safety requirements.
Materials and methods. The determinations of the mancozeb, thiram and metiram were carried out by the gas-liquid chromatography with a flame-photometric detector (GC, FPD); the risk assessment was carried out by exposure (KBsumm) and absorbed dose (KBp) with a complex intake of active ingredients into the body of workers, under the Methodological Instructions № 1.2.3017-12.
Results. There were analyzed more than 350 samples of air of the working zone and washing from workers’ skin. There was shown an absence of active substances mancozeb and metiram in them. The insignificant content of thiram at a level close to the limit of its quantitative determination was found.
Conclusion. The results obtained allow assessing the risk of safe use of drugs based on dithiocarbamates in agriculture, which is the basis for predicting the total chemical exposure to humans, and accurately evaluating the levels of pollutants.
Contributions:
Larkina M.V. — collection and processing of the material, writing the text, editing, concept and design of the study;
Mikheeva E.N. — collection and processing of the material, writing the text, editing;
Fedorova S.G. — concept and design of the study;
Bondareva L.G. — writing the text, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
1009-1012
Provision conditions for increasing the reliability of trace analysis of toxic metals
Abstract
Introduction. Heavy metals are included in one of the significant groups of ecotoxicants. Determining heavy metals at low levels is one of the main problems in analytical chemistry, which depends on various factors. Ignoring the contribution of these factors to the total uncertainty can increase the probability of distortion of the results due to an erroneous decision on the compliance of the obtained data with a particular standard. The most significant influences include the purity of reagents, dishes, and air in laboratory rooms.
Purpose of the work. Search for ways of reducing the listed influences provided that the expense of time, material and labour resources are minimized.
Materials and methods. In the course of the work, many experiments were carried out, including the analysis of nitric acid for the content of metals before and after cleaning by distillation, the analysis of washes from new fluoroplastic laboratory glassware and glassware that had been cleaned by steaming, an assessment of the effect of air pollution in the laboratory room based on a study of calibration curves, which were constructed at the analysis of standard iron solutions prepared in the Clean Workplace and in a conventional fume hood. All measurements were performed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry on Agilent 7800 ICP-MS mass spectrometer.
Results. The efficiency of the proposed methods for eliminating interfering influences on the analysis has been experimentally proved.
Conclusion. The technical and analytical problem, which consists of finding optimal conditions for preparation of reagents, glassware cleaning and decreasing the influence of laboratory air pollution, allows to increase reliability of the obtained results and prevent distortion of information about the observed degree of environmental pollution.
Contribution:
Egorova M.V. — the concept and design of the study, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Rodionov A.S. — collection and processing of material, statistical analysis, writing the manuscript, collection of the literature data;
Bogdanova Ju.J. — collection and processing of material.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study had no sponsorship.
1013-1018
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 37884 от 02.10.2009.