Vol 101, No 7 (2022)

Introduction. The paper presents studies on the assessment of the level of pollution by motor vehicles of the soil of the roadside territory of the new section of the reconstructed highway.

Materials and methods. The object of the study was the soil of the roadside territory of the new section of the highway of regional significance “Vladimir-Murom-Arzamas” (P72). The registration number in the territory of the Vladimir region is 17P-1.

Results. It was found that with the launch of a new section of the reconstructed highway, the roadside area was found to be significantly contaminated with heavy metals and arsenic due to the impact of gas-air emissions of passing vehicles. Gas-air emissions of motor vehicles increase the content of technogenic magnetite particles in the soil, which increase the magnitude of the magnetic susceptibility of soils. Aggregation of heavy metals (НМ) by magnetite particles and their sorption contributes to the accumulation of hm in the soil of the roadside area. When moving away from the highway, the content of heavy metals and arsenic in the soil of the roadside area decreases. The indicator of accumulation of НM and arsenic in the soil of the roadside area increases in the series: Zn → Ni → As → Cu → Pb. By the end of the year of operation of the new section of the reconstructed highway, the excess of the MPC for lead and arsenic was revealed, and the content of Zn and Cu in the roadside soil is close to the values of the MPC.

Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to the remoteness of sampling points relative to the roadway and a small number of reference sites, which limits the possibilities of a broader interpretation of the data obtained.

Conclusion. To prevent the current dangerous trend, it is necessary to manage sanitary and hygienic monitoring of the soil of the roadside area exposed to constant exposure and accumulation of НM, in order to detect exceedances of the MPC and UEC and take measures to protect these territories.

Contribution:
Martsev A.A. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Selivanov O.G. — laboratory research, data processing, text writing;
Trifonova T.A. — the concept and design of the study, text writing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: November 11, 2021 / Accepted: June 08, 2022 / Published: July 31, 2022

The purpose of the study is to determine whether exposure to odours of model food odourants can lead to a change in biochemical and immunological parameters that we previously used when examining the population in the area of food industry enterprises location using the method of quantitative olfacto-odorimetry.

Methods. The specified concentrations of aerosols of three food flavours (orange, cognac and coffee) were supplied to the participants of the studies with a help of ECOMA T08 olfactometer. Quantitative composition of the aerosols was controlled by GC/MS. In participants saliva samples taken before, during and at the end of each experiment, the intensity of luminol-dependent chemiluminescence, the content of secretory IgA, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8, the activity of α-amylase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase were determined. For data analysis, paired Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used with Bonferroni correction for the problem of multiple comparisons.

Results. A reliable effect of the smell of food odourants was found on one indicator only — the activity of salivary α-amylase – when combining data from 5 separate experiments (n=45): 93.3[24.3;160.0] U/ml at the end of the experiments against background values of 109.9 [42.5; 216.7] U/ml;, p=0.0096 with a significance level of p=0.05/3=0.017. A decrease in the average values of salivary α-amylase activity was shown to hide opposite changes in individual values: an increase in activity in people with low background values (below the median of the initial distribution) and an amplitude-dominant decrease — in people with high background values (above median). The revealed phenotypic polymorphism of α-amylase regulation contributes to one of relevant Post-COVID areas — the study of the ability of people to perceive odours and react to them.

Limitations. The use of olfacto-odorimetry to study effect of odours on human health indicators is promising, but requires design of protocols with extended exposure time.

Conclusion. A decrease in average values of salivary α-amylase activity with distinctive forestall of the upper quartile may be a sign of human reflex response to the emission of odourous substances in the areas of food industry.

Contributions:
Khripach L.V. — research concept and design, determination of biochemical and immunological markers in saliva samples;
Budarina O.V. — research concept and design;
Knyazeva T.D. — determination of biochemical and immunological markers in saliva samples;
Makovetskaya A.K. — determination of biochemical and immunological markers in saliva samples;
Koganova Z.I. — determination of biochemical and immunological markers in saliva samples;
Andryushin I.B. — olfactometry.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. Moscow, 119992, Russian Federation

Acknowledgement. The study was carried out as part of the State Assignment of the Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia.

Received: May 16, 2022 / Accepted: June 08, 2022 / Published: July 31, 2022

Introduction. The results of the use of therapeutic exercises in the form of Nordic walking in the patients with industrial injuries and occupational diseases of the knee joints are submitted. Studies have shown that Nordic walking helps to restore the range of motion in the affected joints, reduces the severity of pain syndrome, and has a positive effect on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Materials and methods. During the rehabilitation of the patients with industrial injuries and occupational diseases of the knee joints, therapeutic exercises were prescribed in the form of Nordic walking in the conditions of terrenkur against the background of high aeronization of the air environment. A control group of the patients with a similar pathology underwent rehabilitation using training devices for Continuous Passive Motion (CPM)-therapy in the hall for therapeutic exercises of the rehabilitation center. Upon admission and before discharge from the center, the volume of movements in the knee joints was examined, muscle strength, respiratory rate and heart rate, arterial blood pressure level were determined, pulse oximetry was performed, and the adaptive response was evaluated according to L.Kh. Garkavi.

Results. The use of therapeutic exercises in the form of Nordic walking in the open air in the patients with industrial injuries and occupational diseases of the knee joints showed similar results with rehabilitation in closed halls, which makes it possible to use this technique instead of indoor activities.

Limitations. The study did not include patients with other occupational pathology, as well as those who did not give informed consent to this study.

Conclusions. The method of therapeutic exercises in the form of Nordic walking in the open air has shown similar effectiveness with the CPM-method in closed halls, which allows it to be preferred in rehabilitation programs for the patients with industrial injuries and occupational diseases of the knee joints in the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Compliance with ethical standards. The authors were guided by the ethical principles of conducting medical researches set out in the Helsinki Declaration on Preclinical and Clinical Researches in Humans and Animals, adopted by the World Medical Association of the last revision. The study was approved by the Bioethical Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases. All subjects signed an informed voluntary consent to medical intervention in compliance with the requirements of Article 20 of the Federal Law of 21.11.2011 No. 323-FL “On the basics of protecting the health of citizens in the Russian Federation”.

Contribution:
Filimonov S.N. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text;
Gordeeva R.V. — collection and processing of material;
Kuzmenko O.V. — collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Povarnitsina N.V. — collection and processing of material;
Semenova E.A. — statistical processing;
Logunova T.D. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 4, 2022 / Accepted: June 08, 2022 / Published: July 31, 2022

Introduction. The leading role in the industrial structure of Kuzbass belongs to the coal and metallurgical industry associated with exposure to harmful production factors and high risks to the health of workers. The main pathogenetic factors triggering occupational and production-related diseases are hypoxic conditions potent of promoting changes in the heart structure and function.

Materials and methods. The study included one hundred sixteen miners and 84 workers in the main occupations of aluminum production. The average age of miners was 47.63±0.33 years, of workers in the aluminum production — 48.41±0.53 years, p=0.191. Work experience in harmful working conditions in the study groups exceeded 20 years and did not differ significantly (p=0.281). All subjects underwent echocardiography according to the standard technique with automatic calculation of the global longitudinal deformity of the left ventricle.

Results. The left ventricular ejection fraction and its longitudinal deformation were lower in aluminum industry workers with arterial hypertension not only in comparison with metallurgists with normal blood pressure (p<0.0001), but also with miners with arterial hypertension (p=0.015). Longitudinal deformation of the left ventricle in aluminum workers without arterial hypertension was significantly lower than in miners with normal blood pressure (p=0.0062). The parameters of the diastolic function of the left ventricle changed in the study groups under the influence of arterial hypertension.

Limitations. This investigation is limited to a selection of workers in the main professions of the aluminum and coal industries undergoing periodic medical examinations at the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases.

Conclusion. A decrease in global longitudinal left ventricular myocardial deformation in miners and aluminum industry workers was associated with the presence of arterial hypertension and with the specifics of the main adverse production factors. The indices of left ventricular contractile function in aluminum industry workers were significantly lower compared to those in miners, regardless of the presence of arterial hypertension.

Compliance with ethical standards. All subjects signed an informed consent to participate in the study, the protocol of which corresponded to the requirements of the bioethical committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, executed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association “Ethical principles for conducting scientific medical researches involving humans” as amended in 2013 and the “Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation”, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 266 dated 19.06.2003.

Contribution:
Korotenko O.Yu. — the concept and design of the study, collection of material, writing a text;
Filimonov E.S. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Panev N.I. — writing a text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: April 04, 2022 / Accepted: June 08, 2022 / Published: July 31, 2022

Introduction. Obesity and cardiovascular diseases are closely related and have a high prevalence in the global population. Workers of coal mining enterprises have an increased risk of developing these pathological conditions due to working conditions and employment schedules. Social and household factors and an unhealthy lifestyle can have a negative impact on metabolic processes that lead to obesity. In this regard, the search for risk factors for these diseases and the elaboration of a prevention system based on them to preserve the health of working groups of the population are relevant.

Materials and methods. The study involved three hundred eighty-five workers of coal enterprises in the South of Kuzbass including 244 miners and 141 coal pit workers. The mean age was 46.35±0.34 and 46.98±0.36 years, respectively, p=0.231. The social and household aspects and lifestyle of the workers were revealed by the questionnaire method. Ultrasound investigation of vessels was performed on the General Electric Vivid E9 system.

Results. The prevalence of atherosclerosis in obese workers employed in coal pits was higher than in persons with normal weight: 58.8% vs. 40.0%, p=0.035; no such pattern was found among miners. In coal pit workers with arterial hypertension, abdominal obesity was detected in 90.9% of the cases and in 67.0% (p=0.0004) in underground miners. The studied social and household factors, except for hypodynamia, had no a significant impact on the development of obesity.

Limitations. The investigation did not include individuals with proven familial hypercholesterolemia, inflammatory vascular diseases and diabetes mellitus.

Conclusion. Constitutional obesity increased the atherosclerosis risk in coal pit workers and did not affect on its prevalence in underground miners. Abdominal obesity did not contribute to an increase in the prevalence of atherosclerosis among the examined subjects, but increased the risk of arterial hypertension. Among the studied social and household factors, a significant role in the development of constitutional obesity in coal pit workers is rendered by hypodynamia during non-working hours.

Compliance with ethical standards. All subjects signed an informed consent to participate in the study, the protocol of which corresponded to the requirements of the bioethical committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, executed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association “Ethical principles for conducting scientific medical researches involving humans” as amended in 2013 and the “Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation”, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 266 dated 19.06.2003.

Contribution:
Filimonov E.S. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Korotenko O.Yu. — collection of material, writing a text;
Ulanova E.V. — collection of material, writing a text;
Tapeshkina N.V. — collection of material, writing a text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: March 17, 2022 / Accepted: June 08, 2022 / Published: July 31, 2022

The article contains an overview of the main bibliographic information about the curriculum vitae and professional activities of Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor, Director of the Research Institute of Hygiene for Children and Adolescents — Galina Nikolaevna Serdyukovskaya. The data of literary sources in authorship/co-authorship with G.N. Serdyukovskaya, was taken from the electronic fund of the Russian State Library. The role of the scientist in creating a scientific and pedagogical basis for studying the problem of the health of children and schoolchildren is shown, the results of the activities of the Research Institute of Hygiene for Children and Adolescents headed by her over the period from 1963 to 1996, its development, issues of establishing scientific and clinical activities are indicated. 

Improvement of scientific and managing activities in this area, development of international cooperation, great public work carried out by G.N. Serdyukovskaya became an example for many generations of scientists whose activities are related to the study of the health problems of children, adolescents and youth.

Contributions. All co-authors made an equal contribution to the research and preparation of the article for publication.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: March 17, 2022 / Accepted: June 08, 2022 / Published: July 31, 2022

Introduction. Congenital malformations have long received the status of a marker of environmental distress. Six per cent of the newborns in the world are diagnosed with congenital malformations of various etiologies, 30 million develop intrauterine growth retardation, often associated with hypoxia, while the number of these pathologies is significantly higher in environmentally unfavourable regions.

The degree of resistance to hypoxia is determined by the transcription factor induced by hypoxic conditions — HIF. There is revealed polymorphism of the HIF gene, which determines the differences in the activity of the transcription factor encoded by this gene, and therefore, the differences in the level of resistance to hypoxia. Recently, HIF has also been detected in response to the activation of free radical processes.

Materials and methods. The study examined fifty five women living in the South of Kuzbass, most of them in the city of Novokuznetsk. 18 women were included in the control group because they carried a healthy child, the study group consisted of 11 women who gave birth to children with intrauterine growth retardation, and 26 women who gave birth to children with congenital malformations.

Genomic DNA was isolated from peripheral blood leukocytes using the phenol-chloroform extraction method. Gene typing was carried out by the Real Time method.

Results. Among the studied groups, in women who gave birth to children with congenital malformations, there were no reliable differences in the occurrence of polymorphisms of mutant and wild types. In the group of women who gave birth to children with intrauterine growth retardation, a reliable association of C/T polymorphism in the mother with intrauterine fetal growth retardation was shown (χ² = 4.54; OR = 9.71), while the ancestral form of C/C was associated with resistance to this pathology.

Limitations. Since the identification of the association of the HIF-1А (rs11549465) gene polymorphism with intrauterine growth retardation was of a pilot nature, it is advisable to increase the sample.

Conclusion. The results obtained may indicate the leading role of the HIF-α subunit in the body’s adaptation to hypoxia and the secondary importance of this protein in the regulation of pro- and antioxidant balance.

Compliance with ethical standards. The examination of the patients complied with the ethical standards of the Bioethical Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases, developed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration of the World Association “Ethical Principles of Conducting Scientific Medical Research with Human Participation” as amended in 2013 and “Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation”, approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation No. 266 of June 19, 2003. All participants signed an informed consent to participate in the study.

Contribution:
Gulyaeva O.N. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, editing;
Kazitskaya A.S. — collection and processing of material;
Zhukova A.G. — editing;
Zagorodnikova O.A. — collection and processing of material;
Alekseeva M.V. — collection and processing of material;
Renge L.V. — concept and design of the study.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: March 17, 2022 / Accepted: June 08, 2022 / Published: July 31, 2022

Introduction. Food azo dye Tartrazine (E102) is widely used in the production of food, pharmacological and cosmetic products. Despite the approval for use, interest in a comprehensive assessment of the impact of food colours, especially synthetic ones, on health continues unabated. The analysis of literature evaluating the genotoxicity of Tartrazine in vivo studies revealed some inconsistencies in the results, that showed the possibility to test a retail food colouring in one of recommended tests.

Materials and methods. The Tartrazine genotoxicity (produced in India, purity 88.37%) was studied in the micronucleus test on male mouse bone marrow cells (hybrids F1 CBA x C57Bl6/j). The test substance was double enteral administrated in the dose range 250–2000 mg/kg. The frequency of polychromatophilic erythrocytes (PCEs) with micronuclei (MNs) was estimated by the analysis of 4000 PCEs. The proportion of PCE among all erythrocytes was determined by analyzing 1000 cells per animal.

Results. There was no increase in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatophilic erythrocytes over a concurrent negative control with double enteral administration of Tartrazine in all doses studied. The proportion of PCEs among all erythrocytes did not change.

Limitations of the study are due to the methodology of the test: only cytogenetic disorders in a single tissue were analyzed under conditions of double enteral administration of the studied sample.

Conclusion. The sample of the food dye Tartrazine (E 102) in the dose range of 250-2000 mg/kg did not show cytogenetic activity in the in vivo micronucleus test on mouse bone marrow cells after a double enteral administration.

Compliance with ethical standards: the study was approved by the local ethical committee of the Research Institute of EDiTO Federal State Budgetary Institution «N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology»» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, carried out under the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123), Directive of the European Parliament and Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Contribution:
Akhaltseva L.V. — cytome analysis, search for literature sources, analysis of literature, writing a text;
Yurchenko V.V. — concept and design of the study, work with animals, preparation of preparations for cytome analysis, statistical analysis, analysis of literature, writing a text;
Yurtseva N.A. — work with animals, preparation of preparations for cytome analysis, cytome analysis, search for literature sources;
Konyashkina M.A. — work with animals, preparation of preparations for cytome analysis, search for literature sources, analysis of literature.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version. 

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgment. The work was carried out within the framework of the state task «Complex system for assessing the genotoxicity of food additives» Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia.

Received: February 21, 2022 / Accepted: June 08, 2022 / Published: July 31, 2022

Introduction. The toxic and hygienic assessment of both the final product and intermediate synthesis products remains the key preventive measure to avoid intoxication of workers’ body by industrial xenobiotics in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry and in the context of a constant increase in the range of used compounds. In recent years, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds of the pyridine group have been widely used in various industries. One of these substances is the anti-tuberculosis drug ethionamide, the intermediate product in the synthesis of which is 2-ethyl-4-nitropyridine N-oxide.

Materials and methods. In experiments, the toxic properties of 2-ethyl-4-nitropyridine N-oxide were studied. The investigations were carried out on outbred rats and mice, rabbits and guinea pigs. The effect of the substance on experimental animals was assessed using standard physiological, biochemical, hematological and morphological indices. Intermediate toxicity was studied with different methods of substance administration (oral, percutaneous and inhalation) both in single and repeated experiments. The obtained results were processed using the Statistic 10.0 software package.

Results. Mean lethal doses of 2-ethyl-4-nitropyridine N-oxide for female rats and male mice were 1250 mg/kg (976.6÷1600.0 mg/kg) and 430 mg/kg (355.4÷520.3mg/kg), respectively; for female mice — 675 mg/kg. The ability of the substance to accumulate was average: the cumulation coefficient was 4.0. There were no significant differences in the effect of the substance on animals of different species and gender. The substance didn’t show a local irritating effect on the skin, skin-resorptive and allergic effects, but a pronounced irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the eyes was revealed. In the subacute experiment, 2-ethyl-4-nitropyridine N-oxide showed a toxic effect mainly on the blood system. A specific damaging effect was revealed, which was expressed in an imbalance of the content of oxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin with a significant increase in the latter. The threshold index of acute inhalation effect was 76.7 mg/m³. The tentative safe exposure level in the air of the working area for the substance was calculated at the level of 0.5 mg/m³.

Limitations. The investigation is limited to the study of the toxicological characteristics of 2-ethyl-4-nitropyridine N-oxide. In accordance with the directive documents on the protection of experimental animals, the limited number of in vivo experiments is connected with the dangers for animals and with public ethical views on in vivo experiments.

Conclusion. The proposed tentative safe level of exposure to 2-ethyl-4-nitropyridine N-oxide in the air of the working area at the level of 0.5 mg/m³ makes it possible to attribute the xenobiotic to hazard class II. Under the conditions of compliance with the specified standard, the dose absorbed by the worker under the production conditions will be no more than 5–10 mg per work shift, which guarantees safety for health and minimizes the risk to the health of workers. Information on the toxicity of 2-ethyl-4-nitropyridine N-oxide can be useful for solving a wide range of tasks fixed in the control and supervisory activities of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing, hygienic rationing and monitoring, and will contribute to the prevention and reduction of incidence rate associated with the exposure to harmful factors of the production environment.

Compliance with ethical standards. The Local Ethics Committee of the Research Institute for Complex Problems of Hygiene and Occupational Diseases approved this study carried out under the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.

Contribution:
Gorokhova L.G. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Mikhailova N.N. — editing, writing a text;
Zhukova A.G. — collection of material and data processing, writing a text;
Kazitskaya A.S. — collection and processing of material, statistical processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: March 17, 2022 / Accepted: June 08, 2022 / Published: July 31, 2022

Introduction. Solid solutions are widely used in the manufacture of particularly sensitive and high-precision devices, various kinds of sensors and energy converters, which causes a large number of workers to come into contact with them.

The purpose of the study: to conduct experimental research and estimate biological effect of a solid lead-tin-selenium-tellurium (LTST) solution on warm-blooded animals.

Materials and methods. Solid solution (lead (52%), tin (8%), selenium (trace) and tellurium (40%) — powder insoluble in water. Experiments were carried out on mice, rats and rabbits. Acute and chronic toxicity, cumulative properties, fibrogenic activity, irritant effect on skin and mucous membranes were evaluated.

Results. According to the parameters of acute toxicity LTST is a low-hazard compound (Hazard Class 4), it has an irritant effect on skin and mucous membranes, the expressed cumulative properties (K_cum — 2.58). General toxic effect of the alloy is characterized by changes in functional state of kidneys, hematopoietic function, blood coagulation system. The compound has a moderately pronounced fibrogenic effect.

Limitations. The limitation of this study is the lack of literature data of toxicological studies on the biological effect of a solid solution of LTST was the basis for its study.

Conclusions. The biological effect of a solid solution of LTST on the organism was studied for the first time on models of acute, subacute and chronic experiments. According to GOST 12.1.077-76 LTST belongs to Hazard Class 4 (low-hazardous compound).The solid solution has been established to belong to compounds which may cause acute inhalation poisoning (Lim_ac — 46.73 mg/m³). LTST is dangerous in terms of the development of chronic intoxication, has pronounced cumulative properties (K_cum — 2.58). LTST has a general toxic effect, leads to disruption of hematopoietic function, increased content of coproporferin in urine, which is associated to a large extent with the presence of lead molecule in the solution. The solid solution causes the development of a fibrotic process of pulmonary tissue. LTST is less toxic than the lead in its composition. Control over the concentration of LTST in the air of the working area should be carried out according to the MPC = 0.05 mg/m³ (lead and its inorganic compounds).

Compliance with ethical standards. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines of Directive 2010/63 / EU and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Federal Scientific Center of Hygiene named after F.F. Erisman of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing — Protocol No. 1 of 02/28/2022.

Contribution:
Nikolayeva N.I. — the concept and design of the study, writing a text, editing;
Filin A.S. — collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Guseva E.A. — collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Ivanova L.G. — collection and processing of material, writing a text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.

Received: February 16, 2022 / Accepted: June 08, 2022 / Published: July 31, 2022

The article is devoted to the activities of Sanitary Supervision in Moscow during the difficult years of Soviet power (1925-1954). By the beginning of this period, the Moscow Municipal Sanitary Organization already had 40 years of experience, but the new time required new skills and new approaches from sanitary doctors. On the basis of factual material, the author reveals the forgotten pages of the history of Sanitary Affairs: how the Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR turned Sanitary Supervision bodies (sanitary doctors) into bodies of inquiry; how in the twenties sanitary doctors assisted the Moscow Council in its struggle for the improvement of the city; how in the thirties the process of formation of the state sanitary inspection took place; how the service participated in preventive Sanitary Supervision during the first five-year plans, when there was a huge gain in industrial production in the capital and the General Plan for the reconstruction of Moscow was implemented; how the sanitary and epidemiological service was created in the pre-war years; what difficult work did sanitary doctors have to do during the Second World War to ensure sanitary and hygienic conditions for contingents moving to evacuation and to carry out preventive measures against the occurrence of parasitic typhus and gastrointestinal diseases; how did they have to conduct sanitary control over the cleaning of the city in conditions of limited transport and maintenance personnel and carrying out new non-removal methods of cleaning the city; how was control over the work of baths, sanitary dispensaries, laundries, equipment and operation of bomb and gas shelters ensured. The final part of the article shows the process of reforming the sanitary service of the capital in the post-war years, which was fully completed only by the mid-fifties of the twentieth century.

Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest. 

Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship. 

Received: January 11, 2022 / Accepted: June 8, 2022 / Published: July 31, 2022