Vol 99, No 3 (2020)

Introduction. The use of chlorine-containing reagents for disinfection of water in swimming pools may lead to the formation of chloramines, both worsening the organoleptic properties of water and affecting the health of swimmers. To reduce the content of chloramines in pool water, UV radiation can be used.

The aim of work is investigation of the effect of UV radiation on the transformation of mono- and dichloramines in water.

Material and methods. The study was conducted on water samples from children’s pools, as well as in a model experiment on aquarium water with sodium hypochlorite added. Samples were irradiated with ultraviolet at doses of 40, 80 and 120 mJ/cm². Before and after UV treatment, the content of chloramines was determined in all samples.

Results. UV dose 40 mJ/cm² was found to be insufficient for the destruction of mono- and dichloramine in water. During UV treatment with a dose 80 mJ/cm² a decrease in the content of monochloramines and an increase in the content of dichloramines were observed. These processes were depended on the initial concentration of active chlorine in the samples.

Conclusion. Thus, an effective UV dose to reduce the concentration of monochloramines in water with a concentration of active chlorine of 0.5 mg/l is 80 mJ/cm². However, standard UV equipment used for disinfection of pool water cannot guarantee a reduction of chloramine concentration as it is usually designed for the minimum required UV dose (25-40 mJ/cm²). In addition, the effect of UV at this dose on water with a high content of active chlorine led to a significant increase in the content of dichloramines, which is supposedly associated with the destruction of proteins in water under the influence of UV radiation and the subsequent reaction of amino acids with active chlorine.

Introduction. Environmental factors can cause a gain in prevalence of a significant number of diseases in the population. The effect of various components on the body of children and adolescents becomes especially relevant on the territory of an industrial city, due to its increased sensitivity to adverse effects in connection with the ongoing processes of both growth and development. The article presents the results of an assessment of the non-carcinogenic risk to the health of the children living in the industrial city of Orenburg.

Material and methods. The results of laboratory studies of atmospheric air, water from centralized sources of water supply and food products as sources of potential health risks for children living in the city of Orenburg were evaluated. Hygienic and statistical research methods were used.

Results. In the industrial city, the priority media that form a high risk of developing non-carcinogenic effects were found to be contaminated food and drinking water, which create a high and very high non-carcinogenic risk for hormonal (up to HI = 13.8), cardiovascular (up to HI = 18.3), central nervous systems (up to HI = 8.3) in children and adolescents and effects on the blood (up to HI = 19.0) and kidneys (up to HI = 8.8), as well as atmospheric air when exposed to the respiratory system (HI = 7.2), which may be one of the reasons for the deviation in their state of health at the population level.

Conclusion. The complex multicomponent impact of risk factors on children living in an industrial city is a well-studied problem, the relevance of which does not decrease. Modern concepts of risk assessment make it possible to identify priority environments and their contaminants, which, of course, makes management decisions more focused both at the population and individual levels. The priority media were established to be contaminated with drinking water and contaminated food products, which form a high non-carcinogenic risk for the hormonal, cardiovascular, central nervous systems of children and adolescents and the effect on blood in the long-term dynamics, which may be one of the causes of deviations in their state health at the population level.

Introduction. Consistency of fluoride excess in the human environment and professional contact with fluoride is an actual and underestimated problem. Fluoride ion is able to displace the hydroxyl group in calcium hydroxyapatites, forming stable crystals of mixed form of apatites, inducing bone pathology, fluorosis. Despite the high prevalence of fluorosis, there are only a few studies discussing the ability of fluoride ion to increase the level of genotoxic effects. At the same time, such studies are in high demand in connection with a direct correlation between genetic instability and the risk of carcinogenesis.

Material and methods. A literature search was conducted according the following queries: “fluoride, fluoride ion, fluorides, DNA damage, genetic damage, genotoxicity.” The search was conducted on the databases PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and Google Scholar for various articles (all publications until June 2018). All publications were analyzed and included in this review.

Results. The present review examines the results of studies aimed at investigation of the ability of fluoride to induce DNA damage, published since the 50-s of 20^th century to the present. The analyse of data about genotoxic and mutagenic properties of fluorine observed in In vitro and In vivo studies is provided. It is summarized that at concentrations of sodium fluoride in drinking water of more than 1 mM, fluoride ion has the ability to induce DNA damage and increase the frequency of clastogenic effects in humans and large monkeys. At the same time, for a significant increase in genotoxic effects in rodents, large concentrations of fluorides are required. The main hypotheses about the mechanisms of the fluoride genotoxic properties are described.

Conclusion. Considering results published nowadays, it can be noted that fluoride ion obviously showes a number of genotoxic features and can have mutagenic properties in case of chronic and direct contact with cellular objects. It remains questionable issue about genotoxic risk accompanied human contact with fluoride compounds.

Introduction. A possible alternative to traditional methods of the treatment with chemical disinfectants are effective and safe preparations based on strains of bacteria Bacillus subtilis. The development of effective hygiene products based on Bacillus subtilis bacteria strains for air sanitation, household items, and rooms that do not adversely affect the body in the presence of humans, animals, and birds is an urgent task of sanitation and hygiene.

Material and methods. Suspensions of an equal combination of the bacterial strains Bacillus subtilis TNP-3 and Bacillus subtilis TNP-5 were added to a solution of bicarbonate and sodium chloride. The strains were isolated from the permafrost soils of Yakutia, certified and deposited in the All-Russian collection of microorganisms used in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine (VGNKI, Moscow). The bactericidal activity of the «Probiodes 3 + 5» solutions was studied by the method of “coarse calico tests”. As test cultures there was used 2 billion suspension of diurnal cultures of Str. equi H-34 and Sal. abortus equi BN-12. The effectiveness of sanitization was taken into account according to the level of bacterial contamination - the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms (KMAFAnM) on the skin of the nipples of the udder.

Results. Reliable disinfection of coarse calico tests contaminated with Str. equi H-34, was established with the use of «Probiodez 3 + 5» (5x10⁸ CFU / ml) for 6 hours exposure. By increasing the dose of B. subtilis in the solution «Probiodes 3 + 5» to (1.0 × 10⁹ CFU / ml), there was reliable disinfection of coarse calico tests contaminated with Sal. abortus equi BN-12, exposure 6 hours. The drug «Probiodes 3 + 5» helps to reduce the total bacterial contamination and subclinical mastitis, effective for sanitary-hygienic treatment in dairy cattle breeding.

Conclusion. The results of the studies allow making a conclusion that the bacterial strains B. subtilis TNP-3 and B. subtilis TNP-5 are promising for the development of effective, safe hygienic and sanitizing agents for widespread use.)

Introduction. The main and the most significant issues of the management of disinfection measures taking into account modern trends and factors affecting the quality of these measures in relation to parasitic infections in the territory of the Russian Federation are considered. The professional community of physicians, epidemiologists, hygienists, disinfectants was almost powerless in the fight against slow or latent infections of a parasitic nature, which are still ca lled “neglected diseases” (“unnoticed diseases”), partly because they occur without pronounced symptoms, and there are a number of unresolved problems in the prevention and diagnosis. Despite the fact that modern medicine in the field of prevention and diagnosis of some infectious diseases has achieved good results, the problems with the disinfection of parasitic pathogens remain relevant. Environmental degradation, various natural disasters, urbanization, increased anthropogenic pressure, as well as climate change do not contribute to improving the difficult situation with regard to the spread, reproduction and formation of new stable foci of parasites. The measures for the improving the system of non-specific prevention of parasitic diseases are determined.

Material and methods. In the course of the work, there were analyzed statistical reports of the Federal Reserve and the literature data.

Results. The analysis of statistical data showed that during 2014-2018, the incidence of parasites in the Russian population remained at a high level and did not have a pronounced tendency to decrease, and the proposed anti-parasitic disinfectants cannot meet modern anti-epidemiological and hygienic requirements.

Conclusion. A number of recommendations and initiatives on disinfection measures for the prevention and spread of parasitic infections in the territory of the Russian Federation were proposed to solve the tasks. There are determined main ways of improving the system of nonspecific prevention of parasitic diseases.

Introduction. The optimal physical activity of schoolchildren ensures adequate physical development, considered as the totality of the morphological and functional properties of the body that characterize the process of its growth and maturation at each age interval.

Main objective of research. To determine the values of individual accumulative risks of impairment of schoolchildren’s health components depending on the level of the physical activity and develop recommendations for their reduction.

Material and methods. The study involved 709 schoolchildren aged 12-14 years. To solve the tasks there were used hygienic methods with an assessment of the physical mode, training mode, indicators of the functional capabilities of schoolchildren; anthropometric methods; information and analytical methods and statistical methods, including associative analysis. The level of physical activity of schoolchildren was classified according to daily energy expenditure, determined by summing energy expenditure across all categories of physical activity.

Result and discussion. Individual accumulative risks of schoolchildren’s health problems were shown to be elevated in all components of health with an increase in the deviation of the level of physical activity from the optimum, and the time factor has a significant effect on the growth of individual accumulative risks of schoolchildren’s health problems. In order to reduce the likelihood of the formation of health disorders in schoolchildren, it has been established that the identification of physical activity impairments and the application of corrective measures should be carried out as early as possible - in the period up to 6 months from the moment when violations were detected. In drawing up a plan of corrective measures for the formation of an optimal level of average daily workload for school-age children, the categories of physical activity outside the normal range require a reduction to the recommended intensity and duration according to the gender and age. Associative rules have been obtained that allow identifying the causes of the disturbance of the structure of physical activity and make adjustments taking into account the relationship between categories of physical activity. The optimization was achieved by reducing the duration of time spent on various categories of physical activity to the recommended one.

Conclusion. Application of the results of this study will reduce individual accumulative risks of violations of schoolchildren’s health, preserve the health of the younger generation, and provide optimal personal and physical development.

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to study and assess the elemental status of residents of the Kirov region as a part of the Volga Region Federal District (VFD).

Material and methods. The content of elements in the hair of 295 men and women (73 and 222, respectively, 25-50 years old) and 120 boys and girls (46 and 74, respectively, 3-15 years old) were studied using massspectrometry with inductively coupled plasma. This indicator serves an index in assessing the impact of environment on human organism. Methods of non-parametric statistics were used for the mathematical simulation of our data.

Results. It was found that women, girls and boys compared with other regions of the VFD are characterized by a relative increase in the absolute content (median) in the hair of Mg, Fe, V. For people living in the territory of the Kirov region a relative increase in the Si level in the hair is characterized with exception of boys. The relatively reduced level of Cu (with the exception of women) and Se (with the exception of men) also make oneself conspicuous.

Discussion of the results. The main problems associated with a decrease in the content of Cu and Se compounds, as well as an increase in the content of Si, Mg, Fe and V, most likely have a geochemical nature and, in particular, are associated with the chemical composition of drinking water. The hair of children in a greater degree than in adults is shown to be a biological substrate, the elemental composition of which indicates to ecological and social factors, the quality of products and the development of the health care system.

Conclusions. The obtained data can be recommended for the use as reference values in assessing the level of chemical compounds in the hair of adults and children living in the territory of the Kirov region.