卷 99, 编号 2 (2020)

Introduction. The aim of this work was to study the mycobiota of anthropogenic materials, soil and air in the settlement Barentsburg (Spitsbergen archipelago), to assess the spread of invasive species and to identify potentially pathogenic microfungi.

Material and methods. The material for the study was collected in the period of research work of the Russian expedition of the AARI (2017-2018) in the area of the settlement Barentsburg (located at 78° N, 14° E). Isolation and identification of microfungi were carried out using standard microbiological methods according to cultural and morphological characteristics and sequencing in the ITS1 and ITS2 regions.

Results. As a result of the research, a high level of microbiological colonization of anthropogenic substrates has been established, the places of accumulation of potentially pathogenic microorganisms were found out. 24 species of microfungi were identified from anthropogenic materials, 46 and 43 species from aeromycota and the soils of the observed territory. The genus Penicillium (12 species) prevailed by the number of species, followed by Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Cadophora (3 species each). For disturbed ecosystems the following peculiarities have been established: 1) a change in the structure of microfungi complexes and increase in the CFU number of microfungi at aeromycota and soil, 2) aeromycota formation occurs partly due to introduced species, 3) a clear dominance of dark-colored fungi on anthropogenic materials, 4) among the introduced microfungi a significant proportion were destructors of the materials as well as potentially human pathogens; 5) introduced species are able to adapt to arctic conditions.

Conclusion. On the example of the village of Barentsburg (arch. Svalbard) it is shown that anthropogenic impact leads to changes in the main characteristics of microscopic fungi complexes in the Arctic territories.

Introduction. The objective of the study was the quantitative assessment of the effect of internal exposure to the lifetime in Mayak PA workers based on analyzing the dependence of certain lifetime rates on the incorporation of plutonium-239.

Material and methods. There was investigated a cohort of deceased Mayak PA workers employed in 1948-1958 with known Pu-239 body burden comprising 2343 individuals, including 1739 males and 604 females. Using regression analysis we have assessed the dependence of general lifetime and lifetime after the start of work as well as of proportion of individuals who did not survive until standard age in general and after a start of work from incorporated Pu-239 separately for workers of different age. Statistical values were defined using STATISTICA software.

Results. It was stated that for 1 kBq of incorporated Pu-239: a general lifetime in males decreased by 0.32 years and after a start of work – by 0.41 years; in females – by 0.22 and 0.28 years respectively. For 1 kBq of incorporated Pu-239 proportion of males who did not survive until 65 years of general lifetime and proportion of males who did not survive 40 years after a start of work increased by 1.33 and 1.87% respectively; in females for 70 and 45 years – by 0.90 and 1.14% respectively.

Conclusion. Thus, the workers’ dependence of lifetime after a start of work on incorporated Pu-239 was higher than of a general lifetime. A proportion of workers who did not survive until the standard age after the start of work was higher than the proportion of workers who did not survive until a general standard age. Dependence of decrease of lifetime rates under the study from incorporated Pu-239 in males was more significant than in females.

The change in living conditions and the intensity of the educational process affect the health of students, so it is required that the standards and standards of physical development should be regularly updated. 2439 students including 1107 boys and 1432 girls from four Universities of Ufa were involved in the survey. It is provided a representative sample of the volume using the correlation method and it is allowed developing table-standards for assessing the physical development of students.

The correlation dependence of the average degree between body length and body weight was established (the value of the correlation coefficient varies from 0.32 to 0.59 among boys and from 0.3 to 0.51 among girls). The correlation mainly averages between height and chest circumference among boys aged 18 years (r = 0.52), 20 years (r = 0.45); and among girls – at the age of 17 (r = 0.32),  22 (r = 0.32). Out of the total number of tested cases, average physical development of male students was 68.45% and 68.82% in female students; 13.33% of male students and 13.13% of female students showed this index below average; 14.85% of male students and 13.29% of female students had this index above average; low physical development was observed in 1.85% of male students and 3.3% of female students; high physical development could be found among 1.52% of male students and 1.46% of female students. Analysis of the body mass index of the tested students indicates 76.0% of boys and 68.84% of girls to be characterized as having a physiologically normal state, excess body weight is observed in 10.5% of boys and 4.82% of girls (p<0.05). Regional approaches to the study of physical development are justified from the standpoint of expanding the all-Russian system of monitoring the state of physical development of students, planning recreational activities in the activities of higher education institutions, regional and municipal health systems and education; individualization of the process of physical education; construction of state programs in the field of youth political and sports.

Introduction. Lycopene is a non-vitamin carotenoid possessing antioxidant, anti-carcinogenic, immunomodulatory, cardioprotective, antiatherogenic, radio-and photoprotective properties. Lycopene not being synthesized in humans, it intakes from food sources, mainly tomatoes and tomato-containing products.

The aim of this study is to assess the level of intake of lycopene and its main food sources in the diet of young people and compare the effectiveness of the 24-hours diet recall and food-frequency questionnaire method.

Material and methods. The specialized questionnaires contained the main and additional food sources of lycopene. The survey included 106 students. There were formed 6 consumption groups according to the levels of lycopene intake.

Results. According to the 24-hour diet recall and food-frequency questionnaires the largest share in the sample belongs to groups with high levels of lycopene intake. Tomatoes and ketchup are priority sources in these groups. The food-frequency questionnaire method allowed estimating the food sources present more often than others in the diet of the respondents. These included raw tomatoes, ketchup, and tomato-containing fast food products (with different frequencies for individual types of products). There were no additional sources of lycopene in the diet of the majority of respondents.

Conclusions. The results obtained using these methods do not contradict each other. The complex using of the methods allows obtaining data on the levels of lycopene intake and its food sources present in the diet. The levels of lycopene intake and its priority sources were quantified using the 24-hour recall. The data of the food-frequency questionnaire method determine all sources of lycopene present in the diet.

Introduction. The content of low and high-density lipoproteins, the level of total cholesterol, and the fatty acids composition of blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes were studied in first-year university students. The prevention of stress disorders was carried out with the functional food product “Biolad-Kalina” marmalade (TU 9128-152-02067936-2006) contained 100 mg of a complex of polyphenolic compounds per 100 g of the product, accounting for a therapeutic dose for polyphenol preparations.

Material and methods. A group of 10 male students aged 18-20 years studying in the 1st year of full-time study (2^nd semester after admission to the university) was examined. The 1st group (control) included 20 healthy male donors; in the 2^nd group - 10 male students before a biochemical blood test, the 3rd group - 10 male students of the 2nd group, after a biochemical blood test, invited to take daily for 6 weeks in the morning, 100 g of marmalade “Biolad-Kalina”.

Results. The effect of the study load (stress) was shown to be accompanied by the increase in low-density lipoproteins in plasma, the concentration of total cholesterol, total lipids and decrease in the content of total phospholipids, which is typical for dyslipidemia. In blood plasma and erythrocyte membranes, there was an increase in the content of saturated fatty acids (myristic, palmitic) and a decrease in the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids of n-6 (arachidonic) and n-3 (eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic) families, which causes changes in the physical and chemical properties of erythrocyte membranes, permeability, and lability. Changes in the ratio of fatty acids in the lipid pattern of erythrocyte membranes indicate the presence of destructive processes under the influence of stress. A prophylactic effect of the functional food product of marmalade “Biolad-Kalina” on the studied biochemical indices has been estimated. There was shown its effectiveness in the restoration of lipid metabolism in blood and erythrocyte membranes due to presence in it of a wide range of polyphenolic compounds.

Introduction. There is a high chance of a link between cardiovascular conditions and occupational or environmental exposure to lead. Taking into account the peculiarities of lead intoxication and the metal common occurrence it appeared to necessarily prove further experimental research of lead cardiotoxicity.

Material and methods. After repeated intraperitoneal administration of sublethal doses of lead acetate to outbred male rats 3 times a week for 5 weeks, there was obtained the moderately pronounced subchronic lead intoxication manifested by some characteristic features. Cardiotoxic effects on myocardial contractility were studied by the analysis of the mechanical activity of isolated preparations of right ventricular trabeculae and papillary muscles contracting in isotonic and physiological modes of loading. Myocardial contractile function was also studied at the molecular level by measuring the sliding velocity of reconstructed thin filaments over myosin.

Results. In papillary muscles lead intoxication led to a decrease in the maximal rate of isotonic shortening for all afterloads and a decrease in the thin filament sliding velocity in the in vitro motility assay. The same type of muscle from lead-exposed rats displayed marked changes in most of the main characteristics of afterload contraction-relaxation cycles, but in trabeculae, these changes were less pronounced. The reported changes were attenuated to some extent in rats similarly exposed to lead while being treated with a Ca-containing bio protector. The amount of work produced by both muscle preparations was unchanged under lead intoxication over the entire range of afterloads, which is an evidence of adaptation to the production of adequate mechanical work despite resulting contractility disturbances.

Conclusions. 1. Subchronic lead intoxication was shown to cause contractile dysfunction of rat myocardium. In papillary muscles the alterations were observed more than in trabeculae. The changes in contractile proteins corresponded with those seen in myocardium structures. 2. The reported changes were attenuated to some extent in rats being treated with a Ca-containing bio protector.

Introduction. According to the European legislation and requirements, industrial production of medication shall be provided with well-defined regulations of the quality of such preparation.

Material and methods. Cytotoxic action of hepatoprotector Antral on bull sperm was evaluated. Samples of sperm were divided into control and two experimental samples: control one was diluted with phosphate-buffered saline (PSB), which included NaCl – 0.8 g, KСl – 0.02 g, Na₂HPO₄ – 0.11 g, КH₂PO₄ – 0.02 g, MgCl₂ – 0.01 г, Н₂О till 100ml; in the first experimental sample PSB was added with antral in the dose 1/500 LD₅₀ (2.77 mg); in the second – PSB with Antral in the dose 1/100 LD₅₀ (13.87 mg) was added. The survival of spermatozoa was defined until termination of rectilinear forward movement in sperm, which was preserved in temperature of 2-5 °C; respiratory activity was defined (by polarography (ng-atom O/0.1 ml of semen (S) ∙ min) in thermostated sell (temperature of 38.5 °C), with the volume of 1.0 ml with the automatic registration of process flow by potentiometer, the proportion of decrease of which was evaluated in accordance to impacted dose of antral in substrate and restorative activity was defined potentiometrically (mV/0.1ml C ∙ min) using a system of pen microelectrodes that were inserted in thermostated polarographic cell).

Results. In the experimental samples of semen in comparison with the control sample the respiratory and restorative activities were reduced; dose 1/500 LD₅₀ to 58.8% and dose 1/100 LD₅₀ to 68.5%; restorative activity – to 66.7% and 54.5% correspondingly.

Conclusion. Antral reduces the survival of sperm being irrespective of dose.

Introduction. The content of heavy metals (such as Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) and arsenic in soils, snow cover, and water has been monitored in the Sherlova Gora mining area. The geochemical specificity of mining landscapes directly determines the incidence in the local population. Establishing a dependency between these two indices is an important medical and biological task.

Material and methods. The 120 soil samples were analyzed for the total content of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper during 2012-2015. The analysis of the newly diagnosed incidence in childhood (0-14 years) and adolescent (15-18 years) population of the village Sherlova Gora was carried out according to statistical form No. 12 “Information on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the area of medical organization service” for 2012-2015.

Results. The excess of maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of arsenic and cadmium in samples of drinking water were revealed. For samples of soil, snow and surface water of the tailings dump ponds located near the settlement, a significant excess of arsenic and metals MPC was established. The total soil contamination index (Zc) at monitoring points was calculated taking into account the average concentrations, and it is less than 16 units, which corresponds to the “permissible” category of soil contamination.

Conclusion. The children of the village were found to have cardiovascular morbidity by 7.0-15.3 times and a disease of the central nervous system (CNS) by 3.07–5.06 times more if compared with the administrative area. For adolescents, there was an excess of the incidence of cardiovascular pathology by 2.33–5.0 times, CNS - by 3.01–5.57 times, gastrointestinal tract by 2.6–4.9 times, urogenital system in 2.0–2.2 times. The prevalence of congenital anomalies is 6.9–15.6 times higher than the average margin.

With the combined action of agents, the toxic effect depends not only on the time and effects levels of each of them but also on the combinations in which these levels are located. The main problems in the experimental substantiation of hygienic regulations for this type of action are the determination of this dependence, the establishment with its help of safe combinations of exposure levels and their description. In the work methods of their solution are offered.

This dependence is recommended to be obtained in the economical experiments proposed by the theory of mathematical planning. It is represented by a system of regression equations describing the dose dependencies observed at different moments after the onset of the impact (when indices are removed). In this case, the toxic effect is estimated by two indices, reflecting the degree of deviation of the state of the body of the experimental animals from the norm and the probability of this deviation.

Effective and ineffective combinations are determined by this system of equations when substituting in them the values of the toxic effect corresponding to its presence or absence. In turn, hygienically safe combinations are determined by a system describing ineffective combinations of exposure levels that include stock coefficients that are reasonable for each agent.

This system can be adopted as an experimentally valid hygiene regulation, which has the following advantages. It is determined by the results of the study of the joint rather than isolated action of agents, does not require the fulfillment of any conditions about the nature of this action (isoadditivity, etc.), and also takes into account not only the degree of deviation of the state of the organism of the experimental animals from the norm, but also the probability this deviation. In order to obtain the necessary information, we propose plans for experiments in which the number of groups of experimental animals is only one more than the number of cooperative agents.

An example of the proposed approach is given.