卷 99, 编号 1 (2020)

Introduction. Today, it is relevant to use modern critical technologies for identifying and evaluating the negative effects associated with the effects of chemicals at the stages of pre-nosological changes. This improves the efficiency of the early detection of progress in pre-pathological conditions prior to the onset of pronounced functional changes and the aggravation of the disease. The use of molecular diagnostic methods based on genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic analysis technologies is one of the most promising approaches.

Aim of the work is an analysis of both aspects and practical use of the modern critical technologies capabilities (genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies) in the implementation of biomedical and experimental studies for the tasks of the detection biomarkers of negative effects of chemical risk factors on the example of exposure conditions with aluminum compounds.

Material and methods. The proteomic analysis was carried out by the method of two-dimensional electrophoresis, polymorphism of alleles and genotypes of candidate genes by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. The transcriptome state was assessed based on the results of gene expression studies. The expression of membrane and serum proteins was studied by biochemical and immunological methods analysis. Statistical processing of the results was carried out in the systems “Gencalculator,” “Gene Expert” and online program “SNPStats”.

Results. The results of using proteomic analysis technologies made it possible to identify proteins annexin-13, SH3-domain protein-RF3, cathepsin L1 and, accordingly, genes CTSL, SH3RF3, THO complex subunit 2 as Ohmic markers of aerogenic exposure of inorganic compounds. The results of the analysis of gene polymorphism in the population exposed to environmental pollution allowed establishing the changed frequency of variant alleles and genotypes of genes: immune control – TLR4 (toll-like receptor); vascular factors – eNOS rs1799983 (endothelial NOsintase); detoxification – coproporphyrinogen oxidase CPOX (rs1131857), cytochrome P450 CYP1A1 (rs 1048943); neuro-humoral regulation of ANKK1 rs1800497 (dopamine receptor gene) and HTR2A rs7997012 (serotonin receptor gene). The results of gene expression analysis made it possible to establish negative transcriptomic effects induced by exposure to amphoteric metals due to the isolation of specific CD4⁺, CD8⁺, CD16⁺ cell phenotypes expressing the proteomic profile gene of blood plasma lipoprotein A (LPA gene).

Discussion. The obtained results correspond data of a number of scientific studies, noting the importance of identifying polymorphic deviations of genes determining the individual risk of health problems in a variety of stressful environmental factors affecting humans. Minor genotypes of candidate genes under conditions of excessive contamination with amphoteric metal compounds significantly increase the risk of deviations in immune regulation indices, which modifies apoptosis mechanisms, which are crucial for the formation of atopy and onco-proliferation.

Conclusion. The use of genome, transcriptomic and proteomic technologies as a modern tool for the diagnostics of health disorders allowed justifying the set of priority exposition and effect Ohmic-markers, associated with aerogenic effect of amphoteric metals, which have a modifying effect on the pathogenetic mechanisms of the formation of disorders of nervous and immune systems, the 1^st and 2^nd phase of detoxification, the likelihood of vascular disorders and onco-proliferative processes.

Introduction. Workers engaged in the complex processing of copper metallurgy waste are in contact with inorganic compounds of arsenic, nickel, lead, cadmium, and hexavalent chromium.

The purpose of the study is to estimate the degree of carcinogenic risk for workers employed in the processing of copper metallurgy waste.

Material and methods. The results of a retrospective study of deaths from cancer of workers in the recycling of copper metallurgy (sulfuric acid, bluestone and nickel vitriol production and processing of anode slimes) of a metallurgical plant to produce blister and refined copper are presented. The intensity of mortality and relative carcinogenic risk for workers were calculated (common as well as age-specific for men and women). A comparison of the observed and “expected” indices of the cancer mortality rate was carried out and the relative carcinogenic risk for workers was determined.

Results. The highest levels of cancer mortality were found in the age range of 50-59 years. It’s noted excess observed mortality from malignant tumors over “expected” both men and women in most cancer locations. For men involved in the production of sulfuric acid, a high carcinogenic risk of developing malignant neoplasms of urinary organs. For women involved in the production of sulfuric acid, a high carcinogenic risk of developing malignant neoplasms of the liver. When receiving copper sulfate, men have the greatest carcinogenic risk for urinary organs for tumors, and women for lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue tumors. The processing of anodic sludges is associated with a carcinogenic risk for men on lung cancer, and for a woman - on tumors of lymphatic and hematopoietic tissue. Conclusion. Obtained epidemiological data indicate carcinogenic risk to workers involved in the complex recycling of copper metallurgy.

Introduction. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death in working-age population, including mortality occurring through occupational fatalities. The core principle in fighting CVDs is having special consideration for individuals with a high risk of its development. In order to identify those individuals, the SCORE (Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation) system is advised. The realizations (i.e. the effects of exposure) with respect to the same risk factors may vary across individuals. Therefore, it is of urging importance to conduct an assessment of the integral cardiovascular risk estimates that are informative of coming-to-an-effect long-term exposures to adverse factors and helpful in identifying changes at early reversible stages of CVD.

Material and methods. A cross-sectional study included 108 male workers aged 27-63 years, without apparent health disorders who been working in unsafe conditions over from 4 to 40 years, employed as occupational staff (converter furnace operators, charge workers, burners, smelters) in copper production enterprises of the Sverdlovsk region. Clinical examination and laboratory tests were conducted at the Yekaterinburg Medical Research Center in 2017-2018. The evaluated indices included: total cholesterol (TC), glucose, Pb and Cu level in blood. A 3D-sphygmography with CAVI assessment and aa. carotides ultrasound with intima-media thickness (IMT) assessment were performed. Cardiovascular risk (CVR) was evaluated according to the SCORE assessment.

Results. The following CVR factors were identified: smoking (72.2%), obesity of various classes (33.3%), ТС > 4.9 mmol/l (57.9%), high fasting glucose (73.9%) and arterial hypertension stages 1-2 (40.7%). An arterial vessel stiffness increase by CAVI (>8.0) was found in 28.7% of subjects. Associations were found between CAVI index and (i) total CVR level as evaluated by SCORE (p=0.00105), (ii) blood Cu level (r=0.33). Therefore, further research is needed.

Introduction. The aim is scientific planning of preventive measures based on the assessment of adaptive capabilities of the organism of medical personnel of maternity institutions in the dynamics of the work shift.

Material and methods. With cardiointervalogram variation of the studied indices of the cardiovascular and autonomous nervous system in obstetricians-gynecologists, neonatologists, nurses - midwives, nurses - anesthetists, ward nurses of perinatal centers and maternity hospitals in cities of Ryazan, Smolensk, Lipetsk, and Kolomna at the beginning and at the end of the work shifts.

Results. The analysis of heart rate variability revealed significant statistical differences in a number of indices of the spectral region (the decline in values of sympatho-parasympathetic balance (LF/HF), the amplitude of very low-frequency waves (LFW), increase in the total power (TP), as well as an increase in the index of activity of regulatory systems (IARS) (p<0.05), established the relationship between the IARS at the end of the shift and the intensity of the labor process of obstetricians-gynecologists of perinatal centers, nurses-anesthetists, and midwives of perinatal centers.

Conclusion. The revealed direct correlation between the IARS at the end of the work shift and the intensity of the labor process of obstetricians-gynecologists of perinatal centers, medical nurses-anesthetists, and midwives of perinatal centers confirms the results of hygienic studies of the labor process intensity and allows planning preventive measures.

Introduction. The development of a system of cadet education organizations is an important part of the training of highly qualified military personnel. Under the conditions of various regulatory documents on the food supply of the cadet, it is extremely important to implement studies of actual energy expenditures and adjust dietary standards taking into account the characteristics of physical development, physical activity, health status and characteristics of the children’s learning regime.

Material and methods. The object of the study were pupils of grades 5-11 of the cadet corps of the Volga Federal District. There were investigated indices of the state of health and physical development of cadets according to results of their medical examinations, data on the organization of nutrition, the results of the assessment of daily motor activity. There were evaluated retrospective data on the health status of pupils for each cadet corps in the aggregate of the total number of pupils for three years. To carry out the research tasks, there were used hygienic, anthropometric and physiometric methods as well as methods of mathematical data processing. To assess the daily energy expenditure and the level of motor activity, there were used methods of daily timing, heart rate monitoring using a Polar V800 heart rate monitor and a Polar H10 sensor. Catering was evaluated according to results of the analysis of the cyclic menu, technological maps, menu layouts and data on the operating mode of the catering unit and catering.

Results. Among the pupils, there were prevailed physical and dynamic loads, providing high levels of average daily physical activity. The current nutritional standards failed to take into account the needs of the cadets at actual levels of motor activity.

Conclusion. The level of the physical activity of the child and his diet determines the likelihood of a decrease in the functional capabilities of the body, mental and physical performance, body resistance, the formation of physical development disorders and chronic diseases. To determine the required caloric content of children’s diet, there is recommended to conduct a preliminary assessment of the actual motor activity of children, taking into account the daily regimen and the educational and sports programs implemented in the institution.

Introduction. Adverse effects of environmental factors can cause dysfunction of organs and systems, hormonal dysfunction, genetic disorders, which can adversely affect the health of future generations.

The aim is to study occupational risk factors and assess their impact on the health of male workers of machine-building enterprises, to develop preventive measures.

Material and methods. The working conditions of 318 male workers of the main professions of the machine-building enterprise (miller, locksmith, electric and gas welder, turner, caster, etc.), having occupational contact with harmful occupational factors, were studied in comparison with 148 employees of the control group. Epidemiological, socio-hygienic, statistical and risk calculation methods were used.

Results. 68.2% of respondents were found to have occupational contact with cutting fluid, 24.3% contact with chemicals, 14.4% - with heavy metals, 66.2% of respondents work in conditions of noise exposure, 40.1% - local vibration, 22.3% - in conditions of hypothermia, 14.4% - in conditions of overheating. Excess of maximum permissible concentrations of benzo(a)pyrene, aerosols of mineral oils, epichlorohydrin was detected in the air of the working zone. At workplaces, there were excess levels of noise, general vibration, thermal radiation. The impact of harmful occupational factors in the workplace was established to create a high risk to the health of workers.

Conclusion. Working conditions of workers of the machine-building enterprise are mainly estimated as harmful. Critical organs and systems for the development of occupational pathology were identified, the high carcinogenic risk from exposure to benzo(a)pyrene was revealed. Employees of the machine-building enterprise were shown to have a high risk of oncology, respiratory diseases, central nervous system diseases, pathology in offspring. As a result, risk groups were formed and targeted preventive measures were proposed, including monitoring of the health status of high-risk groups, occupational selection, and medical examinations.

Introduction. The increase in the body resistance to the combined effects of lead and cadmium (including systemic toxicity, cardiovascular effects, and genotoxicity) by using a specific bioprotective formula (based on theoretical knowledge and experimental research) remains a pressing challenge. However, a data search has not yielded any results on either an experimental trial or a theoretical justification of the means of biological protection against a variety of adverse effects caused by Pb and Cd combination.

Material and methods. The experiment was conducted on the outbred male rats. The animals received repeated intraperitoneal injections of water solutions of lead acetate and cadmium chloride, 3 times per week for 6 weeks. After the exposition was completed, more than 50 indices of toxic exposure (including biochemical and histo-morphological ones) were estimated in all groups of the tested animals. To assess the genotoxic effect of “in vivo” there was used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Statistical analysis was done using Student’s t-test.

Results. We found the administration of the bioprotective formula to improve the indices of general toxicity. Genotoxicity studied using AFLP analysis of blood cells DNA was shown to be mitigated. Histo-morphological indices of Pb+Cd hepato- and nephrotoxicity improved under a bioprotective complex (BPC) administration. Blood Pb and Cd decreased during BPC administration. There was a statistically reliable decrease in the mean diameter of cardiomyocytes associated with Pb+Cd administration. These changes became less apparent with the BPC administration.

Conclusion. We developed and tested a strategy to mitigate the toxic effects of Pb and Cd at organ and organ system levels, including general toxicity, target organ toxicity (with cardiotoxicity) and genоtoxicity.

Introduction. A Hormon-like agent such as phenol is able both to integrate into the work of hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary system and trigger a cascade of responses that leads to the development of the immune, hormonal and endocrine systems disorder.

Material and methods. The study included 181 woman who permanently live in the area with contamination with phenol in air above standard level. All women are comparable in age, material status and ethnicity. Immunological and hormonal indices were determined by enzyme immunoassay, genetic markers were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Statistical data processing was carried out with the soffware Statistica 10.0, using parametric and non-parametric methods.

Results. Between the study groups there were obtained significant differences in following markers: thyroid-stimulating hormone, serotonin, interleukin 6, interleukin 10, estradiol. The dependence of appearance of unfavorable reproductive effects on the presence of polymorphic allele’s was determined: A allele of a gene SULT1A1, G allele of a gene PER2, C allele of a gene SIRT1.

Correlation models are defined: thyroid-stimulating hormone and phenol, serotonin and phenol, thyroid-stimulating hormone and cresol, serotonin and cresol, estradiol and cresol.

Conclusion. All found markers (increased concentration of phenol in biological media, gene polymorphism, altered protein and receptor expression) create special conditions for the course of the miscarriage pathology.

Introduction. Exposure to lead and cadmium is an important risk factor for the health of workers in copper smelters and refiners. Numerous epidemiological studies have revealed a relationship between exposure to lead and cadmium and the development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease.

Material and methods. At the closing stage of the experiment, we registered over 50 characteristics of animals’ health status, including functional, cytological, morphological (with morphometry of certain organs) and biochemical indices. The exposure period accounted for 6 weeks, during which we monitored the general health status of the exposed animals and the control group. Experimental estimates of some of the health indices were used for mathematical modeling of the combined Pb+Cd exposure via Response Surface Methodology.

Results. The obtained results were consistent with our earlier conclusions that there are different types of combined Pb+Cd toxicity. The ultimate interaction of toxic agents is determined by what effect is being considered, the level of the effect, and the ratio of the doses. The same toxic mixture can produce a range of interactions, from synergism to antagonism. In this study, we discovered cardiovascular toxicity indices (ECG, BP) to do also suggest that there are different types of combined Pb+Cd toxicity. Most ECG features suggest a synergistic relationship between Pb and Cd, except for P-wave, which amplitude may be interpreted as an indication of Pb-Cd antagonism. Moreover, the antagonistic relationship between Pb and Cd was established with respect to their effects on blood pressure in rats.

Conclusion. It is shown that there are different types of lead and cadmium combined cardiovascular toxicity in ionic form in rats.

Introduction. Chronic fluorine intoxication prevails among the newly discovered occupational diseases in aluminum industry workers. Mathematical modeling is one of the helpful tools in ensuring better risk management with respect to the development of occupational fluorosis.

Objective. Developing a logistic regression model predicting a probability of occupational fluorosis development in an occupational staff of aluminum plants in order to suggest adequate prophylactic strategies.

Material and methods. A logistic regression model predicting a probability of the development of occupational fluorosis in aluminum industry workers of the Sverdlovsk region was constructed. The model embraced the results of a univariate analysis conducted with respect to major occupational exposures and health characteristics of 201 workers.

Results. Six major factors were identified as being predictive of occupational fluorosis development in aluminum industry workers: age (fluorosis risk increases with age); type 2 diabetes mellitus; atrophic gastritis; kidney cysts; X-ray examination data (fluorosis risk increases with the stage as determined by X-ray); the hydro fluoride concentration increases by more than 2 occupational exposure limits. The developed model was verified by clinical cases and showed a high predictive ability (86.2 %). Both sensitivity (true positive rate) and specificity (true negative rate) of the model amounted to 86.2 %.

Conclusion. By multivariate analysis the significant, mutually independent factors were identified, their combination being associated with chronic fluorine intoxication in an occupational staff of aluminum plants. The developed mathematical model has a high predictive ability and can be recommended as a sure tool to forecast the course of occupational fluorosis development in the workers at the aluminum industry.

Introduction. Medical workers in the process of labor are exposed to a complex of adverse factors: neuro-emotional, physical stress of a chemical, physical and biological nature. A long stay in a hospital environment with medical workers can lead to the formation of various diseases of microbiological etiology or the carriage of pathogenic and conditionally pathogenic flora and the development of dysbiosis.

Objective. Give hematological and bacteriological characteristics of the health status of medical workers.

Material and methods. The results of laboratory studies of blood and mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract of medical workers performed during the performing occupational medical examinations are analyzed.

Results. Hematological indices were found to be characterized by an increased hemoglobin content in one-fourth of the examined workers, as well as lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, cholesterolemia. The microflora of the mucosa of the upper respiratory tract is mainly represented by Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Streptococcus pyogenes in 65.2% of the workers; the remaining 34.8% were revealed to have a resident microflora. With the experience of work, the frequency of insemination increases and doubles by 10 years of the work. The structure of microflora is also changing. In the nosological form of occupational morbidity, allergic diseases prevail and account for 60.8%, tuberculosis – 26.0%, and hepatitis – 8,6%.

Conclusion. All these changes in the body are the basis of pathogenetic manifestations in the formation of allergic and pathogenic pathologies, which make up to 70.0% of all occupational morbidity.