Vol 97, No 4 (2018)

Adverse climatic and anthropogenic factors can affect the health of people living near the dried-up Aral Sea. There was modified the comprehensive assessment of inorganic chemical pollution of the environment of the village in the Zhosaly Kyzylorda region of Kazakhstan. The comprehensive assessment score included 5 categories: satisfactory, intense, critical, crisis, catastrophic. According to own research over 2014–2015 based on the mentioned assessment score, the comprehensive assessment score amounted to 41 points and showed a critical situation. In the air, there was observed the phenol content of 1.02 MAC, suspended solids — 0.5 MAC. The main part of the fine suspended solids sized of 1.5–2.5 mm, round shape, was formed in the process of condensation and evaporation of the sea and the Syr Darya River. In the dust, there was found the excess in silicon content of 2.8 MAC, iron — 1.3 MAC, zinc 1.1 MAC. As soil pollutants, there were detected sulfates — of 173.5 MAC, chlorides — 9.0 MAC, mercury — 0.56 MAC, nickel — 0.49 MAC. In drinking water, there was revealed cadmium excess of 1.3 MAC, nickel — 1.2 MAC, chlorides — 1.25 MPC, sulfates — 1.0 MAC. In the water of the Syr Darya River, there was revealed an excess in nickel — of 2.2 MAC, sulfates — 1.8 MAC, dissolved oxygen — 2.0 MAC. In the sediments of the Syr Darya river, the sulfate content accounted for 3.36 MAC and chlorides — 1.53 MAC. In the snow cover there was revealed an excess of manganese — 5.14MPC, chromium — 2.04 MAC, zinc — 1.2 MAC. In a critical situation a significant portion (30–50%) of the population may be in a state of exertion and adaptation surge, and the most susceptible part seems to be in a state of adaptation failure, characterized by an increase in incidence rate.

The article presents the results of studies on the integrated assessment of the pollution of objects and infrastructure in the North Caucasus region with Toxocara canis eggs (Werner, 1782). The soil and reservoirs of 63 villages and 9 cities of Kabardino-Balkaria are at risk for the contamination by eggs of the causative agent Toxocara Canis (Werner, 1782) and are dangerous for humans and animals. The contamination of soil and water with Toxocara eggs in the North Caucasus region occurs via the chain: “dog – feces – water – soil – agricultural animals and humans”, which causes the activity of the epidemic process of invasion with 80-100% egg contamination. Indices of contamination load with eggs Toxocara Canis (Werner, 1782) of soil from the territory of well-equipped households amounted to 33.0%, not landscaped — 92%, soils in the places of keeping dogs and kitchen gardens — 100%. In the soil from the territories of schools and parks, Toxocara Canis eggs (Werner, 1782) were found in 70–96% samples. Toxocara Canis (Werner, 1782), extensive indices of contamination of the soil of agricultural objects accounted for in scrapings from feeders — 58%, scrapings from the floor — 93%, soil of courtyards — 100%; water from puddles and water holes — 100%, soils of the territory of cattle-breeding farms 80-100%. In the suburban areas, there is a high level of contamination with eggs of Toxocara Canis (Werner, 1782). Eggs of the nematode Toxocara Canis (Werner, 1782) are found in 80% of soil samples; In 65% of dill samples, 74% of parsley samples, 66% of cilantro samples, 70% of salad samples, 63% of sorrel samples, 37% of the samples of green peas, 44% of tomato samples, 62% of the samples of cabbage, 56% of samples of cucumbers of open ground, when eggs are detected, respectively, 27.6 ± 3.1; 11.8 ± 1.2; 17.2 ± 1.5; 19.0 ± 1.6; 16.7 ± 1.4; 18.3 ± 1.7; 10.5 ± 1.1; 13.2 ± 1.3; 15.4 ± 1.5; 12.7 ± 1.2 specimens in 100 g of the sample. On average, Toxocara Canis eggs (Werner, 1782) were found in 61.7% of the samples from the investigated objects with the presence of 16.24 ± 1.56 specimens per 100 g of sample.

The article discusses the actual problem of professional hearing loss in members of the flight professions of civil aviation in Russia. The indices of this disease amounted of one-third of the prevalence rate values concerning occupational diseases of the hearing organ among all workers of “noise” professions, are registered with the highest frequency in pilots and aircraft commanders and have no tendency to decrease. As the only occupational disease among the persons of the flight professions of the main airlines of the Russian Federation, the persistent sensorineural hearing loss has not only medical but also socio-economic aspects. It is registered in working-age persons lost their professional aptitude. The main revealed causes of the gain of indices of the hearing loss in professional pilots are: the insufficient qualification of medical workers on the issues of early diagnosis of the negative impact of noise on the hearing organ; the lack of regulated criteria for the diagnosis and examination of the relationship between the hearing loss and the occupation; insufficiently clear algorithms of departmental logistics in the examination of occupational diseases of the hearing organ. The ways of optimization of the problem are shown as follows: the development and implementation of the method of speech perception in the conditions of competing the in-cab noise of the aircraft; objective criteria for decision-making on admission/non-admission to the flight work; adequate assessment of the indices of the in-cab noise and sound pressure arising in the aircraft headset during speech radio exchange; mandatory compliance with the requirements of accounting for the data of the Protocol of acoustic load for the entire period of the flight activity, with the indication of noise-protective characteristics of the used airguns in the implementation of the examination of the communication of the disease of the hearing with the profession.

In this paper, we consider the impacts of gaseous uranium hexafluoride used at concentrating plants of the nuclear industry on the human body. The appearance of uranium hexafluoride in the air of the working premises is accompanied by hydrolysis and the formation of substances that can enter the human body and bring atoms of uranium and fluorine. The article describes the method of the determination of the working conditions preventing the development of occupational diseases in employees. The method is based both on the calculation of the number of toxic substances entering the human body in routine working conditions and comparison of this number with the threshold values for different deterministic effects. The proteinuria (protein content in urine) is selected as the considered deterministic effect. We used the published statistics on the threshold of the daily release from the human body toxic substances, long-entering the body in small doses and seem to be responsible for the occurrence of urologic diseases. The calculation was performed in the framework of a complex model describing the air pollution with products of hydrolysis of uranium hexafluoride entering of toxic substances in the human body, in working premises, as well as the passing of uranium and fluorine through the body. This model constructed by the authors of this article was described in previous publications. To ensure that the theoretical methods give the same results as the experimental, the results obtained by the standard method for employees of one of the enterprises of nuclear industry were compared with the data obtained using the theoretical method under the same working conditions. The considered theoretical method can complement and enrich the existing experimental methods for the identification of the onset of occupational diseases based on the sampling of different biomaterials from the employees working at enterprises.

The retrospective analysis of the morbidity rate, the loss of the workability in health workers of the Republic of Bashkortostan with occupational diseases over the period from 1960 to 2015 was executed. The distribution of absolute and relative indices of the occupational morbidity rate by years is presented. The factors of the production environment and the labor process contributing to the development of occupational diseases are singled out. The leading place in the structure of the primary morbidity is held by occupational diseases associated with chemical (toxic-allergic) factors, the second — with diseases associated with the impact of physical factors; the third - diseases from the influence of biological factors.

Currently, the implementation of innovative non-invasive methods for controlling the state of the human organism under stress conditions is highly actual. Long-time intellectual burdens lead to the chronic stress and may result in the exhaustion of antioxidant system. The aim of the research is to study the characteristics of the antioxidant status in saliva under the conditions of intensive intellectual activities. In order to carry out the experiment, we collected the cohort of 123 students aged from 20 to 22 years of the second and third years of the V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University. The examined materials, namely saliva, had been taken by direct spitting into test-tubes. Saliva was collected twice: firstly background sampling had been taken during the course of regular classes when the students were supposed to be in the state of emotional balance; secondly, the test sampling had been made in the time of examination session characterized by considerable intellectual burdens. We carried out questionnaire survey for the students using Spielberger-Hanin and Nemchin-Taylor tests. With the help of these tests, we determined the situational and personal anxiety as well as the predisposition to stress development. Antioxidant status was evaluated by Н₂О₂-luminol-dependent chemiluminescence technique. Chemiluminescent tests were performed by tablet luminometer TriStar LB 941, (made by Berthold). We had proved the existence of the association between the antioxidant status of saliva and the state of intellectual tension. We have noted that during a session in a group with the high level of uneasiness indices have grown, in a group with the low level of uneasiness they have decreased. We can suppose that in the time of examination sessions there is an increase in the common level of anxiety under the lowering of antioxidant activity. In intellectual stress, the antioxidant system performs the interception of radicals less intensively, because the speed of active forms of oxygen (AFO) neutralization is decreased. So, under the conditions of intensive intellectual activities, the degradation of antioxidant protection is observed. It is caused, supposedly, by the lowering of the activity of the enzymes of peroxidase protection. The pro-oxidant system also works less efficiently. This is confirmed by the decline of such markers of CL-fluorescence as maximum intensity, amplitude and light sum, which showed AFO number.

The analysis of scientific data on the occurrence of the antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms from food sources is adduced. A presentation on the molecular mechanisms of its formation under the influence of veterinary medicinal products (VMPs) with an antimicrobial effect, taking into account the peculiarities of their use in the animal husbandry, is given. Ways of the contamination of food with VMPs, the potential of their residues in terms of direct and indirect risks for human health, the current situation with the contamination of food products, the principles of hygienic rationing and control are described. The role of sub-inhibitory doses of antibiotics in the formation of the antimicrobial resistance in microorganisms is described, and the importance of tetracyclines as the most important agents of activation of horizontal transfer of resistance in the environment is emphasized. The factors in food chain objects contributing to the realization of different types of horizontal gene transfer are highlighted, including examples of studies implemented by the author laboratory in a specific food industry establishment. The new data on the negative consequences of physical and chemical effects of non-antibiotic nature, sublethal for microflora in food, as well as products of microbial synthesis as inhibitory technological means, manifested by the enhancement of the gene transfer and the development of acquired antimicrobial resistance in food strains, is presented. The importance of extraneous (zoonotic pathogens, intestinal commensal flora representatives, HAIs agents) and the microflora of food products especially used (biotechnological, probiotic microorganisms, GMM) as vectors for transfer of resistant microorganisms to the human body have been disclosed. The modern data of international organizations and literary sources are summarized in terms of effective practical measures to counter the formation and occurrence of the resistance, including promising innovations in agriculture aimed at alternative technologies to antimicrobials for the growing and fattening of productive animals.

The article “The peculiarities of students nutrition; psychosocial aspect” by I.M. Ilyicheva and E.N. Belous substantiates the actuality of the investigation of the nutrition of modern students from the point of view of the state strategic resource and upbringing tradition. Social, medical and biological and psycho-hygienic aspects are also discussed. In the introduction, there is considered the importance of the personal stability, responsibility, identity, spiritual and will development as the most important factors of healthy nutrition. The investigation is aimed to make a comparative analysis of the data concerning real nutrition of full-term student in 2009 and 2016. The investigation was performed at the base of the State Social Humanitarian University (Kolomna). In methods of the study, there were briefly described 3 stages: 1) the collection of information about the nutrition of students in 2009 at the base of the “Diary of nutrition” questionnaire, repeated data collection for the same category of subjects in 2016 and a stage of comparative analysis of the information received. The procedure for comparing the data included obtaining 1) general information describing the sample, 2) the number of meals per day, 3) the dominant food products, 4) the subjective assessment of one’s own health, 5)the usefulness and inadequacy of meals, 6) the time (part of the day) of full-fledged meal; The pattern of the comparison is the following: general score of subjects, the number of meals a day, the main products, the subjective value of health, the fullness of the menu, the time of eating. In results, there is noted, that the majority of students eats 4 times a day, about 30 percent have 3 meals a day and no one has more than 5 and less than 2 meals a day. 21 percent have a complete meal, but the rate of such students decreased to 13 percent in 2016. The number of students with a full meal increased in 2016. But they eat in the evening as a rule. The majority of students have snack twice a day in 2016.

The biological characteristics of the organism, including the genetic status, can be taken as the indices of the individual susceptibility. These susceptibility indices can be applied in the health risk assessment if there is shown the probability of the development of disorders induced by the exposure to environmental factors and if their cause-and-effect relationship with the exposure of these factors is proved. To distinguish the indices values of the individual susceptibility to the health risk formation in conditions of the exposure to the environmental and occupational factors it is proposed to perform consecutive identification of the contingents, risk factors and their probable effects; evaluation of the exposure of risk factors, including the use of exposure markers; genetic testing of the risk contingents; the establishment of a cause-effect relation of the likely effects (responses) with the exposure of these factors; modeling of the dependence of the probable effects (responses) on the exposure of the studied factors for subpopulations with different susceptibility indices; the characteristics of the health risk with an assessment of the additional probability (frequency) of the studied effects (responses) in subpopulation with susceptibility indices. When testing the proposed methodological approaches it was established that it is possible to use the CT gene variation FAS as an index of the individual susceptibility to the development of diseases of the upper respiratory tract with inhalation exposure to vanadium, AG gene variation HTR2A index of the individual susceptibility to the forming of feeding redundancy in peroral exposure to chloroform, CT heterozygote gene variation MTHFR index value of the individual susceptibility to the forming of the pathology of the circulatory system (hypertension) under exposure to the noise. The proposed methodological approaches for the assessment of the individual health risk associated with the exposure to the environmental factors allow more exactly defining the results of the health risk assessment for the individuals with genotype variations that do the conditioning of the excessive individual susceptibility.

The article is devoted to the participation of the outstanding dental hygienist F.F. Erisman in the development of the Moscow low territorial sanitary organization. Under his leadership, there was carried out a large-scale study of the impact of conditions of the work and life on the health of plant workers, served as a model for similar types of sanitary-statistical research in a number of rural provinces. F. F. Erisman actively participated in the work of the sanitary organization of the Moscow gubernia Zemstvo, the creation of the first district sanitary Bureau.

12–14 октября 2016 г. в Брянском государственном университете им. академика И.Г. Петровского состоялась X Международная научно-практическая конференция «Актуальные проблемы охраны здоровья человека в экологически неблагополучных условиях», которая проводилась при поддержке гранта РГНФ № 16-16-32504. На конференции был рассмотрен широкий круг вопросов, объединяющих проблемы охраны здоровья человека в современных условиях по различным направлениям: техногенное загрязнение (риски для здоровья населения); охрана здоровья человека в экологически неблагополучных условиях; психолого-педагогические аспекты сохранения здоровья молодежи; медико-биологические аспекты сохранения здоровья человека в современных условиях; экологическое образование и просвещение.