Vol 97, No 3 (2018)

The literature review has shown the problem of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) to be associated with their wide distribution in the environment, the abundance, and variety of the chemical structure. Three leading mechanisms of EDCs action are identified as follows: imitation of the naturally occurring hormones action, blocking of receptors within the target cells of hormones, the impact of their kinetics in the body. Epidemiological studies indicate an increase in diseases caused by a disorder of the hormonal system. They are associated with the effect of EDCs. Substances that are completely dissimilar in chemical structure can cause the same effects. According to WHO [6], it is impossible, based on the chemical structure, to determine whether a substance is a disruptor of the endocrine system. However, some structural features determine the estrogenic, thyreogenic and glucocorticoid activity of chemicals. Hence, the need to differentiate the specific (primary) effect of a chemical substance on the endocrine system and the indirect (secondary) effect on it via other mechanisms comes to the fore. In own research, specific mechanisms were shown to be determined in the experiment when studying the complexity of effects, taking into account the processes of adaptation and decompensation, and identifying the effects manifested with the lowest doses. One of the methodological approaches can be the developed “structure-biotransformation-activity” prediction system aimed at revealing the primary types of effects: using quantum-chemical calculations and the plausible reasoning class (called the JSM-reasoning in honour of John Stuart Mill) logico-combinatorial method, it was possible to identify structural fragments of substances responsible for the manifestation of carcinogenic, allergenic effects, methemoglobin formation, etc. The results of clinical studies show the use of pharmacological drugs as models for in vivo study of the effects of EDC to allow not only studying atypical mechanisms of the impact of EDCs from the point of view of molecular genetics but also to predict the individual susceptibility to them taking into account polymorphism of candidate genes. The EDCs problem poses the need for a complex of interdisciplinary research, including three main relationships: exposure assessment-biomonitoring data-the prevalence of endocrine-dependent diseases, taking into account the qualitative and quantitative contribution of individual endocrine disrupters to the development of an ecologically dependent endocrine pathology using molecular genetic methods.

This article is devoted to the analysis of parasitic zoonoses as a global and local problem of sanitation and hygiene over the world and in the Russian Federation. Parasitic zoonoses in the world and in the Russian Federation are a complex multilevel biologically protected in terms of ecosystem, epidemiologically significant and sanitary and hygienic problem of modern medicine and veterinary medicine, which includes a number of widespread human invasions, caused by representatives of 17 species of the Protozoa class; 20 species of the Trematoda class; 12 species of the Cestoda class; 29 species of the Nematoda class; 64 species of the Acantocephalus class; 6 species of the Pentastoma class and others (total more than 500 species). To forecast in connection with climate warming, in the future it will be possible to consider the probable expansion of the area and the gain in the incidence of human and many animal species (more than 100 macro and micromammal species) with parasitic zoonoses on a global scale, where the main argument is the incomplete scale of special antiparasitic measures, poor hygienic culture of the population and the implementation of pedagogical technologies in the field of sanitary and hygienic education. As a sanitary and hygienic problem, parasitic zoonoses with complex cycles and invasion transfer mechanisms that actively circulate between various vertebrate animals and humans directly and indirectly through eggs and larvae of pathogens with the tendency of total contamination of the habitat of animals and humans are presented in frameworks of the global and local scale. Violations and non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements and regulations (to the point without the countries of the world with irreproachably developed by the medical and veterinary services of the world and WHO at the UN) cause a 3-6 level biological protection of parasitic systems of bio- and geogelmintoses, protozoans of zoonotic nature (parasites of this type, Diphyllobothriidae, Opisthorchidae, Anisakidae, Trichinella, etc., Ascaris, Toxocara, Trichostrongylus, Trichocephalus, Fasciola, Dicrocoelium, Echinococcus, Dracunculus, Fasciolopsis, Moniliformis, Toxoplasma, Entamoeba and many others), which postponed their devaluation even in the regional scale. Therefore, health education should take an important place in the politics of each state, and it must be globally comprehensive. All medical and veterinary requirements to the quality of meat, fish, and plants must be strictly observed, which reduces the risk of parasitoses of the population and animals.

Introduction. The accidental release of uranium hexafluoride (UHF) is associated with the pollution of the air of the working premises with its hydrolysis products, containing toxic substances (uranium and fluorine). The intake of UHF hydrolysis products by is related to a negative impact on the human body. The magnitude and the rate of the exposure are determined by the amount of deposited toxic substances. Known methods for the determination of these amounts are based on the study of involved biological media (urine, blood, postmortem examination of all organs), requiring time-consuming, sometimes are critical for the preservation of the human life. In this paper, we propose a theoretical method for the detecting the amount of the deposited toxic substances. The calculation is based on models constructed by authors of this article. They describe successively: pollution of the working premises with UHF hydrolysis products, the input of toxic substances in the human body, uranium and passing fluorine through the body. The first model includes the following processes: hydrolysis, the formation of aerosol particles as on the deposition gas molecules and the wall of working space as on the human skin, deposition of the aerosol particles on the floor of the working space. With continuity equations written for the concentrations of molecules of substances of interest to us, the analytical expressions for n(z,t) — the concentration of atoms of a toxic substance at the height z at the time t; j(t) — flux density of toxic substance atoms on the surface of the skin at the time t. The second and third models describe percutaneous intake and inhalation of uranium and fluorine consisting of UHF hydrolysis products entering the human body, as well as toxic substances passed through the body.

Results. There are presented results of calculating the amounts deposited in the body of uranium fluoride at various time points. There is given a comparison of these values with the experimental data in the literature on the quantity of uranium and fluorine, which enters the body to cause various organic and functional changes.

Conclusion. The theoretical method of determining a person’s level of the destruction was concluded to allow extending the prediction of the development of adverse effects of uranium and fluorine without its prior survey, and choose the most effective methods of healthcare provision.

Introduction. The purpose of the study was to assess the hygienic impact of classes with using an interactive whiteboard and an interactive table on the functional state of the body of preschool children aged 6-7 years.

Material and methods. The results of studies of the impact of classes using interactive equipment in kindergarten on the functional state of the body of children aged 6-7 years. The interactive whiteboard was used in all classes (two or three) during the day. Continuous duration of its use at each session did not exceed 5 minutes, in total — 15 minutes during play activities used the interactive table which lasted up to 10 min.

Results. The comparative analysis of the results of the studies did not reveal any differences in the indices of fatigue and psycho-emotional state of children in the response to developmental activities with and without the use of interactive equipment. The expressed activating influence of occupations with use of the interactive equipment on the activity of the central nervous system is established. This was manifested in a significant increase in the speed of complex sensorimotor responses and a decrease in the probability of an error.

Discussion. In our opinion, the approximate response to the novelty, bright and attractive form of information presentation with the interactive equipment lead to the functional mobilization of brain structures involved in the analysis of information, followed by a more pronounced concentration of attention, creates an optimal tone of the central nervous system, providing ease and speed of lockings and functioning of nerve connections underlying learning.

The establishment of the features of the change in the indices of the functional state of the organism under the influence of the multifactorial environment of children is a complex process since the level of any system is supported by a number of compensatory mechanisms, based on the multiparametric interaction of organs and body systems. In this regard, the search for a “weak link”, which, first of all, undergoes changes in the system of regulatory processes for maintaining homeostasis, is topical. The analysis of data on the variability of cardiac rhythm in children aged 7–10 years exposed to complex effects of intraschool environment factors in accordance with a comprehensive assessment of the learning and upbringing conditions within 670–679.5 points and environmental factors, the total anthropogenic load factor of which was within 10.5–25.8 units revealed no specific changes in statistical indices of the cardiac rhythm variability due to the inclusion of a complex of compensatory mechanisms, which are the basis for multiparametric interaction of the body’s functional systems aimed at maintaining a certain level of functioning of the cardiovascular system, sufficient to adapt to changing environmental conditions a habitat. The established signs of the autonomic dysfunction in children aged 7–10 years in conditions of the comprehensive influence of the factors of the educational process, learning conditions and the environment can testify to the development of disadaptive reactions in the organism of the schoolchildren under study

The study of the trace elements status was carried out as a result of a multielement analysis of hair by ICP-MS within the framework of the Russian Humanitarian Science Foundation and the Government of the Republic of Bashkortostan research project №15-16-02003 «The impact of social and environmental factors on the health of the rural population Transural Region of the Republic of Bashkortostan”. This parameter is an index of the impact of the environment on the human organism. A total of 108 children aged 7–14 years, residing in the Transural Region of Bashkortostan under different environmental conditions, were examined. The children were divided into three groups: (1) residents of communities where there are large processing plants (Sibay and Buribay Khaybullinsky District); (2) living in the villages of the Baimak district, on the territory with abandoned quarries ores developed for a long time in the 20^th century; (3) living in an ecologically clean area — the village Starosubkhangulovo Burzyansky area near the Bashkir State Reserve. There are differences between the composition of trace elements in hair of children living in areas with different levels of the anthropogenic load. The lack of essential trace elements such as cobalt and chromium and an excess of zinc and manganese was common for all the studied groups of children. With an average grade of not exceeding the conditionally allowable biological level, some high values of the cadmium concentration of toxic elements, mercury, aluminum, and some essential trace elements are more common in children of technological areas. Children living in rural areas without anthropogenic pollution appear to be more susceptible to copper deficiency and iron. The data obtained can be used as reference values of the content of chemical elements in the hair of the child population of the mining districts of the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Investigations were executed to determine the level of the food contamination with mold fungi, to identify A.flavus and to assess the concentration of aflatoxin B1. Culturing is performed on Capek culture medium, A.flavus is identified according to L.I. Kursanov, the qualitative estimation of aflatoxin B1 in liquid culture and food products was carried out with the use of thin-layer chromatography method on “Silufol” UV-254 plates, and quantification was made by high-performance liquid chromatography (Agilent Technologies 1200 series). Out of 17 investigated samples, 23.5% were established to be mold fungi-contaminated, of which 11.3% were contaminated with A. flavus. In one sample, isolated from A. flavus toxigenic strain, aflatoxin B1 was detected in the concentration of 0.0072 ± 0.00028 mg/kg.

Introduction. The aim of the study was the hygienic characteristics of meat treated with high pressure, according to organoleptic and microbiological parameters, the processes of oxidative damage and changes in the chemical composition during storage.

Material and methods. For the experiment, a control and experimental group were selected, including 5 samples of beef weighing 500 g from the shoulder meat 48 hours after the slaughter of cattle (black-and-white bulls of 18-months age). The meat was stored at a temperature of +4 °C. The experimental samples of meat were exposed to the pressure of 800 MPa for 5 min using an experimental hydrostat unit. The research was carried out according to the generally accepted methods.

Results. Samples of meat processed by high pressure after 60 days of cold storage were established to meet the requirements of the technical regulations of the Customs Union “On food safety” (TR CU 021/2011). Meat in vacuum film packaging, processed at a pressure of 800 MPa for 5 min., has a detrimental effect on microbial cells, prevents protein breakdown, inhibits the oxidative processes of lipid components.

Conclusion. The application of high pressure in meat storage technology helps to increase its shelf life without the use of preservatives.

Features of the aerodynamics of aerosols in the respiratory tract during respiration are considered. New methodological approaches to the evaluation of the intensity of the exposure to dust on the human respiratory organs are proposed. The difference in the dispersion composition and in the weight concentrations of the inhaled dust from the dust of the working zone air was studied. The dispersed composition and weight concentrations of cotton dust retained by separate parts of the respiratory organs were investigated. The selective ability of separate parts of respiratory organs to detain dust particles of various sizes has been detected. The regularity of the distribution of dust particles of different disperse composition and weight concentrations over separate parts of the respiratory organs is established.

The purpose of the research is the rationale of expansion of using the basic statistical indices in performing the epidemiological analysis. 

Methods. All the statistical indices (multiyear index of the prevalence rate, mean square deviation, mean the multiyear pace of the gain in the prevalence rate) are ranged (from minimum to maximum) during the period of the study; all the indices are added together in the form of a sum of places of the specific index or objects. Generalized coefficient (in percentages) based on the obtained integral indices of the epidemic process does not distort the standard value of mean indices. The similarity of the distributions being compared with dynamic series (which was detected using correlation analysis) attests to this. 

Conclusion. This approach can be used in scientific research not only to assess the prevalence rate but also for an in-depth assessment and other key epidemiological indices (incidence, mortality and so on), which allow evaluating the state of health or illness when allocating or comparison groups of risk, areas of risk and time of risk.

The problem of acute chemical poisonings is currently important for almost all regions of Russia including the Rostov region. Acute chemical pathology leads to the deterioration of the quantitative and qualitative indices of population health that entails the loss of the ability to work and determines the high level of the premature mortality rate; has a negative impact on the social climate and socio-economic development of the region. The purpose of the study was to investigate the epidemiological and medico-social aspects of the morbidity of the population of the Rostov region in case of such forms of traumatism, as the acute poisoning of chemical etiology. In the work, there was used a regional database of toxicological monitoring for the period of 2008-2015, including information about 29750 cases of acute chemical poisonings. There was executed the comprehensive study using the methods of epidemiological analysis of the frequency, structure, long-term dynamics, extrapolative forecasting, and spatial characteristics in order to identify territorial differences. The average annual rate of acute chemical poisonings in the Rostov region is 86.20 per 100,000 (^о/_оооо), mortality rates and lethality respectively, amount of 8.32 ^о/_оооо and 9.65 %. The average annual rate in cities (106.43 ^о/_оооо) was higher than in rural areas (54.14 ^о/_оооо) by 1.97 times. In the Rostov region there were favorable trends in the rate of acute chemical poisonings, both mortality and lethality rates, for both the urban and rural population; according to the results of extrapolative mid-term forecasting, one can expect annual negative gain rates for these indices. The results of the comparative analysis identified the «risk territory» in terms of the rate of acute poisonings of chemical etiology and the mortality rate. There were identified the leading causes (alcohol and its surrogates, drugs) and risk factors of acute chemical poisonings of the population in the cities of the Rostov region, which are necessary to take in account for the optimization of organizational and managerial decisions for of prevention of this type of traumatism.

Леонид Андреевич Ильин родился 15 марта 1928 г. В 1953 г. с отличием окончил Военно-морской факультет Первого Ленинградского медицинского института им. И.П. Павлова. Служил на Черноморском флоте начальником медицинской службы боевого корабля, в 1955 г. организовал первую на ЧФ радиологическую лабораторию. После демобилизации с 1958 по 1961 г. работал старшим научным сотрудником в радиобиологическом отделе одного из НИИ Военно-Морского Флота (г. Ленинград).