Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University

The Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University (Vestnik Nizhnevartovskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta) is a periodic scientific publication issued since 2008. The journal is published quarterly by the Publishing House of Nizhnevartovsk State University

The journal publishes the results of original research and review papers on the most topical issues of the biological, humanities and pedagogical sciences.

The bulletin has three thematic issues reflecting the following research areas:

  • Biological Sciences (03.02.08 Ecology);
  • Humanities (07.00.02 National History; 07.00.03 World History);
  • Pedagogical Sciences (13.00.08 Theory and Methods of Vocational Education).

The journal is registered with the Russian Federal Service for Supervision of Communications, Information Technology and Mass Communications (Roskomnadzor). Certificate of NVSU Bulletin Printed Publication ПИ № ФС 77 - 80105 as of 31.12.2020.

The journal has been included in the list of VAK, (Russian Higher Attestation Commission), with the right to publish scientific articles of doctoral and postgraduate students, necessary for the defense of theses for the Russian scientific degrees of Candidate of Sciences and Doctor of Sciences. On December 1, 2015, the new list was approved by the Higher Attestation Commission of the Russian Federation Ministry of Education.

The journal is included in the citation indices and international bibliographic databases:

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Current Issue

No 1 (2024)

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Articles

«…Wishing to Take Due Precaution… and to Preserve the Honour and Decency of the Same City»: the Problem of the Sanitary Condition of 14th Century London and Attempts to Solve it
Leshtaev D.V.
Abstract

The article examines the problem of inadequate sanitary condition of the English capital in the 14th century and the attempts taken by official authorities – royal and municipal – to solve it, incl. against the backdrop of a plague epidemic. Based on the royal orders addressed to the London magistrate and the data from research literature, the author identifies and characterizes the main steps of the Crown and City administrations aimed at correcting the situation, considering, in particular, the history of the creation of two new cemeteries: East and West Smithfield and some controversial issues associated with it, for example, the problem of the authorship of the project, its implementation and the degree of the government’s participation in that. Estimates of the number, age and gender composition of the victims of the Black Death buried here are also provided. The results of the investigation lead the author to the conclusion that, despite its obvious significance, the issue of the neglected sanitary condition of London did not receive a comprehensive solution in the century under review, since it became relevant only if a critical level risked being reached, when, due to objective reasons, it could no longer be ignored. This also determined the impossibility of developing those few measures taken into a full-fledged state policy. At the same time, the need for changes in the field of municipal hygiene, aggravated by the epidemic, contributed to the intensification of public initiative, supported or directed by the monarch. Thus, a new impetus was given to the dialogue between the royal and municipal authorities in the development and implementation of a unified sanitation policy. In addition, addressing the topic under consideration is of great practical importance for reconstructing the picture of the daily life of a medieval city in an emergency and its preparedness for such trials making it possible to clarify the scale of the Black Death in London.

Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University. 2024;(1):4-12
pages 4-12 views
English Caricature as a Means of Forming and Reflection of the “Image Of The Enemy” in the Epoch of the Napoleonic Wars
Viatkina D.S.
Abstract

The article is devoted to the topical problem in the scientific and socio-political space associated with the formation of the image of the “enemy”. This issue is considered on the example of the English caricature in the era of the Napoleonic wars. Caricature is still actively used in the information space, which makes it an important part of political discourse. From its inception to the present day, caricature has been an effective mechanism for reflecting the image of the “other” and the image of the “enemy”. English cartoonists managed to create a certain idea about the most popular episodes and personalities of the Napoleonic wars and about the images and stereotypes that existed at that time. The most striking of them were the images of “bloodthirsty sans-culottes” led by the “Corsican monster” in the person of Napoleon. Foreign events were perceived by cartoonists through the prism of British interests. That is why the main attention in these images was given to France, as one of the main opponents. The author of the article, based on the caricatures of one of the most famous cartoonists of the “golden age” J. Gillray and his students, comes to the conclusion that the legacy of English satirical graphics of the mid-18th – early 19th centuries. – a vivid example of the formation of the image of the “enemy”. Thanks to the analysis of the cartoons, the main components of the image of not only the French emperor, but also his Great Army were identified. It was concluded that these components were firmly entrenched in the form of stereotypes not only in the British consciousness, but also in the European one, and continue to exist to this day.

Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University. 2024;(1):13-25
pages 13-25 views
Commanders of the Siberian Corps in 1777–1789 Generals N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov
Puzanov V.D.
Abstract

The Siberian corps of the Russian Army defended the territories of Western and Eastern Siberia. The purpose of the paper is to study the biographies of the Siberian Corps commanders in 1777–1789, the tasks are to study the biographies of N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov, the Siberian Corps generals. The methodological basis of the work is the most important principles of historical science – historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. The research is based on biographical, descriptive, problem-chronological, structural, quantitative and comparative-historical methods. The results of the study make it possible to restore the main stages of the biographies of the Siberian Corps commanders, Lieutenant General N. G. Ogarev and Major General N. S. Fedtsov. Generals N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov belonged to old Russian noble families, landowners. Generals N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov were almost the same age and began serving as soldiers in the Guard regiments – Izmailovsky and Horse Guards, which allowed them to become army officers at the age of 20. N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov passed the hard school of the Seven Years' War, later participated in the wars with the Ottoman Empire and with the Confederates of Poland. As a result of their participation in these conflicts, officers N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov were able to make a successful military career in the Russian army. The Military Collegium promoted N. G. Ogarev and N. S. Fedtsov to generals and sent them to command the distant Siberian Corps. In Siberia, the generals carried out the transformation of the military forces of the Siberian Corps according to the plan by the president of the Military College, Field Marshal G. A. Potemkin.

Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University. 2024;(1):26-37
pages 26-37 views
Interethnic Contacts in Yugra and Christmas Stories of the Turn of the 19th – 20th Centuries
Yershov M.F.
Abstract

Ethnic stereotypes largely determine the actions of an individual during his contacts with strangers – representatives of a different culture. At the same time, these actions, like stereotypes, are not permanent. The objective of the paper is to study the evolution of the attitude to the Yugra aborigines at the turn of the 19th – 20th centuries. To achieve it, it is necessary to address the local sociocultural realities. Information about them is reflected in various historical and ethnographic sources, which, in particular, can include some works of fiction. A special place belongs to the genre of Christmas (Yuletide) stories, which specifics are usually studied by literary scholars. At the same time, provincial literature often contains information about the perception of aborigines by the Russian population. The specifics of the study required the use of an interdisciplinary approach, in which the theoretical developments of literary criticism complement historical and ethnographic methods. The results obtained indicate an ambivalent attitude to interethnic contacts with the peoples of the North in Russian culture. Images of the aborigines were associated with potential threats from another world. And, at the same time, they acted as victims of deception, violence and rejection by bearers of genuine Christian virtues. In addition, there was a noticeable difference in value judgments between folk and official culture. Folk culture tended towards stability, repetition and cyclical nature. On the contrary, the official culture with its European rationalism, was oriented towards the values of progress. Christmas stories by peripheral writers complemented by ethnic flavor were the  evidence of something new in the public consciousness. At the regional level, the importance of interethnic communication and ethnic tolerance increased. The disparate components of Russian culture gradually came closer together, although these processes were not yet completed. Only further consideration of literary tests can help in understanding the contradictions of the past.

Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University. 2024;(1):38-46
pages 38-46 views
Organization of Passenger Transportation in the Ob-Irtysh Water Basin (End of XIX – Early XX Centuries)
Zadorozhnyaya O.A.
Abstract

In modern historical literature the problem of the formation and development of river companies is actively studied by historians, which allows us to trace the formation of new forms of economic relations, primarily in remote regions. But the development of entrepreneurial companies is primarily associated with customers, consumers, and potential clients. The transportation of passengers at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries, including in the Ob-Irtysh water basin, became a popular commercial service, which, in the absence of alternative transportation options, brought in good income. The purpose of this article is to show the organization and dynamics of passenger transportation in the Ob-Irtysh water basin. In preparing this work, a statistical method and a method of selective analysis of data from the reporting documentation of several river companies were used. This made it possible to identify not only categories and groups of passengers of river companies, but also to show the conditions of accommodation during transportation along the rivers of the Ob-Irtysh water basin. Although there were seven groups of passengers transported, the main customers of this service were local residents, and the most profitable client was the state. These conclusions confirm the opinion of contemporaries, as well as the conclusions of historians about the interest of all participants in the process of commodity-money relations in Western Siberia in the development of not only railway transport, but also river transport. Sources also indicate that large river transport companies sought to diversify their capital by investing it in areas that had just taken shape in the Ob-Irtysh water basin. Of interest is the organization of passenger transportation both by the company itself and under contracts with the executive authorities of local routes in the Ob North.

Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University. 2024;(1):47-61
pages 47-61 views
About Some Aspects of Public Health Care and Socio-Cultural Sphere of Yugra in Extreme Conditions of the War
Alekseeva L.V.
Abstract

The subject of the article is the little-studied issues of the state of health care and socio-cultural sphere of Khanty-Mansiysk National District (1941–1945). The conditions and factors of changes are determined; the main tasks and their implementation in the studied spheres based on the introduction of new documents into the scientific circulation. In the center of attention is the analysis of the factors that influenced the financial, personnel, material support of the state institutions in the changed wartime conditions. The author reveals the existence of typical problems in the situation of health care, education and culture, ways of overcoming difficulties. Much attention in the article is paid to the analysis of facts showing the work of the health care system within the framework of the tasks defined by the People's Commissariat for Health of the USSR to protect the health of the population (children are in the first place), to prevent epidemics. In the state of school affairs, the discussion issues concerning the number of schools, the contingent of students at different levels of education, the problem of universal education coverage of children aged 8–15, the number and staffing of teachers are characterised. The material on staff training in the district's specialised secondary educational institutions is systematised, quantitative indicators and conditions of activity, teachers’ and students’ material and living conditions are analysed. The cultural sphere was financed on a residual principle, in fact, it deprived of the district centralised management, but made its best contribution to the solution of problems on cultural services to the population, being a transmitter of state-patriotic ideas.  The author formulates the conclusion that health care, education and culture, despite the enormous difficulties of wartime, in general withstood the tests, fulfilled the assigned tasks, and as a very significant part of the home front, contributed to the victory in the hardest war of the Soviet people. Scientific novelty and practical significance of the presented materials are determined by the introduction of new archival documents into the scientific turnover, clarification and expansion of ideas about socio-cultural processes in the region, their theoretical understanding on the basis of modernisation paradigm and system approach. The obtained new knowledge, systematised and structured, can be applied both in scientific research and in the educational process, as well as in socio-cultural projects of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous District. It is quite obvious that the interpretation of the history of Yugra during the war years as a rear area needs a significant expansion of the traditional topics and setting new research problems. It is necessary to pay attention to different aspects of life on the home front, including the social sphere.  The complexity of the military era (including everyday life of different categories of people in the district: the main population, temporary (evacuees) and special contingent) requires the identification of peculiarities in their social, material and economic situation. There is a need to rethink the subjects related not only to the analysis of the effectiveness of the Party and state management structures in the spheres of health care, education and culture, but also to the legal situation, the real role of the ruling Communist Party, and in a broader context – to find out the key characteristics of the military-political regime and its relationship with society on the materials of the region.

Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University. 2024;(1):62-83
pages 62-83 views
On Some Aspects of the Activity of the Ussr State Arbitration in 1946–1953
Bill M.V.
Abstract

For the Soviet Union, which won the Great Patriotic War and made a decisive contribution to the victory of the Allies in World War II, the post-war period was marked by the urgent need for a forced recovery of the economy suffering seriously as a result of significant human losses, the destruction of industrial enterprises, disruption in logistics links, the interruption of trade relations between various subjects of socialist economy. The State Arbitration of the USSR as a body with judicial and administrative functions became one of the state mechanisms to carry out the restoration process in the post-war Soviet economy. In this historical period the resolution of disputes between economic entities, as well as control over the execution of decisions on these disputes pursued the goal to ensure the smooth functioning and interaction of Soviet enterprises and institutions. Through the use of narrative, historical-comparative, chronological and statistical methods of historical research the article, based on a wide range of historical literature and archival sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, reveals an attempt to analyze the activities of the USSR State Arbitration in the period from 1946 to 1953, since during this period the activities of the body were directly related to restoration of the post-war Soviet economy. In order to identify the main activities of the USSR State Arbitration in the post-war period related to the restoration of the post-war Soviet economy, the paper pays great attention to the statistical data contained in archival sources. Noting the role of the USSR State Arbitration in the system of state authorities, with the activities aimed at the accelerated resolution of the economic tasks set, the article also reveals the work made to improve the State Arbitration’s own effectiveness. The article describes the historical situation in which State Arbitration had to function and develop after the Great Patriotic War.

Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University. 2024;(1):84-99
pages 84-99 views
Soviet Practices of Financing the Operation of Highways in the Tyumen North: Between Regional Lobbying and Departmental Voluntarism
Veselov S.I.
Abstract

The article analyzes the Soviet practices of financing the operation of highways in the Tyumen North in the mid-1960s – early 1970s. Based on the materials of state and municipal archives, as well as the memoirs of road users of the Tyumen region, with the help of historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods, an attempt is made to show departmental interests and features of regional lobbying practices during the formation of contributions from enterprises of the Khanty-Mansiysk and Yamalo-Nenets national districts to the so-called “road fund” of the Tyumen Region for the operation of highways within the framework of the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR (April 7 , 1959). The main problems of financing the repair and maintenance of highways, which led to contradictions between the Soviet authorities at the regional and district levels, are identified. Interdepartmental conflicts between Tyumenavtodor’s management and enterprises of the national districts were an active continuation of regional contradictions. The essence of the main contradictions in the period under study was the departmental affiliation of the highways of the Tyumen North. They did not belong to local or regional public roads and could not be repaired at the expense of deductions received by decree from enterprises and organizations in national districts. Among the practices of administration by the road industry, directive planning for the year and the formation of a task for the shared participation of enterprises of the districts played an important role. The author comes to the conclusion that enterprises and organizations of the national districts sought to reduce the amount of monetary contributions for the repair and construction of highways and redistribute funds to the district or city budget at the enterprise’s location. However, the Soviet authorities, represented by Tyumenavtodor’s management, hindered these processes, pursuing the goals of financial support for roads under construction in the south of the region, as well as recruiting road construction equipment and enterprises’ trucks.

Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University. 2024;(1):100-112
pages 100-112 views
Labour Armies as a Form of Organized Labour During the Making of the Soviet Political and Economic Systems: From the Theory to Putting the Utopia Into Practice
Tsys V.V.
Abstract

The paper is concerned with the prerequisites of the creation of the labour armies during the Civil War in Soviet Russia (1917–1921), the main functions and results of these armies’ operations. The conclusion is made that labour armies were an imminent part of military communism, they never happened to be employed as the Red Army’s reserve but as a tool of militarizing the country’s economy and policies. The evolution of the organized labour units took two directions. Firstly, standardized units were being gradually organized instead of numerous and miscellaneous detachments that made the core of the labour armies in 1920. Another tendency consisted in reducing the number of excessive managerial staff that required additional resources. It is noted that the massive use of the armed forces for labour purposes is always a reaction to the critical situation in which a country finds itself, when neither political nor economic challenges can be responded to by standard means. Thus, the employment of militarized labour units at peacetime can never be justified. On the whole, labour armies proved effective as an emergency means of tackling economic problems and ensuring immediate economic operations. Despite the limited time span in which the labour armies had operated, they left a clear impact on the further course of events in Soviet Russia. 

Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University. 2024;(1):113-123
pages 113-123 views
he Modern Ethnic Identity of the Kalmyk Ethnic Group: the Influence of Material Culture and Ritual Practices
Koltsov P.M., Batyrov V.V., Umgaev S.A.
Abstract

The article is devoted to the influence of material culture and ritual practices on the modern ethnic identity of the Kalmyk people. Currently, a kind of ethnic “renaissance” is taking place in Kalmykia, which manifests itself both in the transformation and reactualization of existing ethnic trends, as well as in the construction (reconstruction) of neo-ethnics, the search for new motives of ethnic identity. In addition, there is a local “local” identity, an association of oneself with the administrative region of residence, each of which has its own established ethnocultural specifics. Such ethnotransformation processes were reflected in the related religious and civic affiliation, in the view of one's own history and one's own place in this world. The specificity of the ethnic “renaissance” in modern Kalmyk society is associated with the processes of ethnocultural adaptation of Kalmyks among the peoples of the Volga region and the North Caucasus after their arrival on the Volga in the XVII century. In the XIX–XX centuries, the reduction of pasture lands led to a crisis of nomadic economy and caused the gradual transition of the Kalmyk people to a sedentary lifestyle. However, the Kalmyks did not copy the way of life of neighboring sedentary peoples, but adapted it to their needs based on their own ideas about the world order. Ethnic specificity is reflected in the rituals of the life cycle, as well as calendar rituals. Currently, there has been a change in the maternity rite only in the methods and place of delivery. However, during the prenatal period, food and behavioral prohibitions imposed on a woman persist. Thus, the isolated residence of Kalmyks in the Lower Volga region in a non-ethnic, non-confessional and foreign-speaking region, connected by common origin, common history, customs and aware of themselves as a whole since the 19th century, led to the formation of their ethnic identity. Since the second half of the twentieth century, when the Kalmyks gradually lost some of their specific features, this led to a change in ethnic identity. The processes of changing various aspects of ethnic culture represent the life of an ethnic group, a living process of its development and transformation.

Bulletin of Nizhnevartovsk State University. 2024;(1):124-134
pages 124-134 views

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