Vol 13, No 4 (2022)
Theoretical works
Technical and environmental features of the application of renewable energy for decentralized power supply zones
Abstract
A feature of the geographical location of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra is the presence of a large number of zones of decentralized power supply. For a comparative environmental assessment of renewable energy installations, it is necessary to take into account the emissions of the entire life cycle. Throughout the presented cycle from mining to the production of power plant structures and then the disposal of the facility, a significant part of CO2 emissions is present. The problem of dismantling and recycling of spent structures of wind power plants is becoming essential. Wind turbines cause the death of birds, violate the conditions of comfortable living for people and animals
From a technical point of view, it is necessary to take into account the regime parameters: indicators of the quality of electricity at the point of connection, voltage levels at load nodes, operating modes of energy storage devices. To assess the operating parameters of an isolated power supply system with renewable energy sources, this paper proposes to use the wavelet transform method. The Haar wavelet was used as a basic function in the paper. A mathematical model is presented that makes it possible to obtain a low-frequency (trend) component and a high-frequency component using the wavelet transform. The model allows for the optimal choice of a hybrid energy storage device for a renewable energy source - a battery and a supercapacitor.
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Experimental works
The carbon dioxide fluxes at the open-top chambers experiment on the ombrotrophic bog (Mukhrino field station)
Abstract
The continuous measurement of CO2 fluxes at the open-top chamber experiment in the ombrotrophic peatland (located in the middle taiga zone, West Siberia, Russia) has been provided during the warm season of 2022 (beginning of June to beginning of October). The Reco, NEE and GPP were calculated for this period; abiotic factors related to CO2 emissions, such as PAR, air temperature, water table level and precipitation, were also measured. The monthly average values showed a negative NEE of -9.89 C g m-2 month-1 in July, a negative GPP of -34.19 C g m-2 month-1 in July, and a positive values Reco of 41.68 C g m-2 month-1 in August. In 2022, the studied peatland hollows were only a carbon stock in July, while in the remaining months they were a source of CO2, which could be caused by small precipitation amount.
The monthly average diurnal variations of CO2 fluxes showed similar behaviour for both the OTC plot and control plot fluxes, which may be explained by the similarity in vegetation cover.
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Population demography of rare sedges (Eriophorum gracile and Carex livida) north of the Arctic Circle in Murmansk Region and climate change impacts
Abstract
Species of Cyperaceae are little studied on the population level globally. Also in Murmansk Region, species from this family were not included in long-term population studies of rare plant species whereas other representatives from 21 families were put in [Blinova, 2009]. Experimental works with sedges is often neglected because of taxonomic difficulties and a lack of methods for study populations of this group [Kitamura et al., 2016; Sosnovska, Danylyk, 2017]. Such difficulties became obvious while the IUCN-red data book testing. Of rare sedges studied in this paper Eriophorum gracile is included in the regional Red data book [Kozhin, 2014] and Carex livida is in the Appendix of this book in the group “Need of monitoring”.
The Murmansk Region (66–70° N), located in the north-eastern corner of Russian Fennoscandia, is a part of the Atlantic-Arctic zone of temperate belt with a rather mild climate. The region is very heterogeneous. Two latitudinal vegetation zones can be distinguished: tundra and taiga. So, many boreal plant species reach here their northern limit of distribution. Our field work has been conducted in the center part of the region in a recently found rich fen [Blinova, Petrovskij, 2014]. Both study species (Eriophorum gracile и Carex livida) have circumpolar distribution in wetlands of northern hemisphere [Hulten, Fries, 1986], and they are at the northern range in Murmansk Region [Kuzeneva, 1954; Chernov, 1954]. They are polycarpic perennials. An annual shoot has been selected as a counting unit (Fig. 1). In E. gracile only the number of generative shoots has been counted in the field. For non-destructive purposes, from herbarium data, the ratio between generative and vegetative shoots was defined as 1:1. The total population size for this species has been estimated from this ratio. In population of C. livida, the direct counting in the field has been done on 3-5 small plots (0.25*0.25 м2). Lately this value has been recalculated according to the area of population subset. Clusters and subsets have been distinguished in population structure according to suggested aggregation patterns of spatial structure in local plant populations [Blinova, 2018]. Marked population subsets have been monitored several times in the growing period in 2014-2016 years. In the field the boundaries and areas of rich fen and populations (including subsets) have been estimated with the help of GPS navigation device Garmin Dakota 20, in the lab all data are further processed using Garmin Software BaseCamp 4.2.5. Nomenclature for vascular plants is given according to S. K. Czerepanov [1995], for mosses after M. S. Ignatov & O. M. Afonina [1992].
Our results show that extremely low (0.2% for Eriophorum gracile) and relatively low (3.1% для Carex livida) population cover is characteristic for a large long-term monitored fen. Spatial aggregation of E. gracile population is structured on very small area (40 м2) whereas C. livida is established on relatively representative area (633 м2). E. gracile develops small population subsets (8 m2 on average) at a distance to next about 70 m in different parts of rich fen. Each such subset contains 9-10 mature individuals on average. C. livida has larger subsets (211 m2 on average) at 30 m away from the neighbor. The size of each subset makes c. 2500 generative shoots. The spatial population pattern of E. gracile shows isolated subsets with single clusters, whereas of C. livida represents isolated subsets with merged clusters. High fluctuations of population size and its subsets are revealed in E. gracile from year to year. The number of generative shoots and air temperature in the growing season (June-September) of the current year establish negative relationship.
This study in one of the northernmost populations of Eriophorum gracile confirms other data from different parts of its distribution area that populations of this species are very fragmented and show high fluctuations in the number of generative shoots [Barr 1996; Käsermann, Moser, 1999; Dickenmann, Keel, 2004; Decker et al., 2006; Chatters, Sanderson, 2014]. An analysis of spatial structure of populations has been pointed out that anemochory of E. gracile could be a bottleneck for the population fitness in rich fens conditions, whereas baro- and hydrochory of C. livida promotes further seed germination and survival. Additionally, current climate-changed impacts could cause an extirpation of E. gracile from floristic composition of rich fens, whereas such a threat is minimal for C. livida. Both species need regional protection of their populations. An introduction into culture is essential for further ontogenetic studies and trigger examination of clonal division of labor.
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Overviews and lectures
The main physical and geographical characteristics of the Mukhrino field station area and its surroundings
Abstract
На основе литературного обзора и по данным полевых маршрутных наблюдений сделана попытка рассмотрения особенностей основных физико-географических компонентов международной полевой станции «Мухрино» и ее окрестностей: геологического строения и рельефа, климата, гидрографии, разнообразия позвоночных животных, растительного и почвенного покрова, ландшафтной структуры. Принадлежность территории к геологическим элементам, таким как Фроловская мегавпадина, Южно-Елизаровский прогиб, Ханты-Мансийская синеклиза и Усть-Иртышская впадина свидетельствует об отрицательных неотектонических движениях и характеризуется максимальными мощностями осадочных отложений кайнозойского возраста. Особенностью современного рельефа является отчетливо выраженная ярусность, которая формировалась в процессе трансформаций, происходивших в неоген-четвертичное время. Важное влияние на формирование облика территории оказали аккумулятивные процессы. Комбинация их влияния поспособствовала формированию плоского эрозионно-аккумулятивного рельефа, сложенного тонкозернистыми песчаными и супесчаными озерно-аллювиальными, супесчаными, суглинистыми аллювиальными осадками позднего плейстоцена и переслаивающимися супесчаными и суглинистыми аллювиальными голоценовыми отложениями. Климат характеризуется большой повторяемостью антициклональной погоды, быстрой изменчивостью погоды, влажный с умеренно-теплым летом и умеренно суровой снежной зимой. Гидрографическая сеть хорошо развита, стационар расположен в долине реки Мухриной с большим количеством водотоков, озер и болот, и прилегающей к району сопряжения пойм Оби и Иртыша. Наблюдается слабая дренирующая роль рек, что указывает на переувлажнение и заболоченность территории. Растительный покров представлен сочетанием сообществ олиготрофных верховых болот, суходольных лесов и пойм. В результате классификации растительного покрова было выделено 11 типов. Почвенный покров также сочетает в себе зональные и интразональные черты и формируется за счёт таких процессов, как подзоло-, глее- и торфообразование, а также аллювиального. Предварительно на территории исследования было выделено 5 основных типов почв: подзолы, светлоземы, аллювиальные, торфяные олиготрофные и эутрофные. Спецификой ландшафтной структуры описываемой территории является широкое распространение болотных, лесных и пойменных геосистем, в связи с чем разнообразна ее фауна. Хозяйственная деятельность человека не ведётся. Это позволяет считать экосистемы района стационара «Мухрино» фоновыми и в целом не нарушенными, что делает их привлекательными для разнонаправленных исследований, в основу которых будут положены интегральный подход и геосистемный анализ его природных комплексов.
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