Vol 101, No 9 (2022)
- Year: 2022
- Published: 08.10.2022
- Articles: 19
- URL: https://edgccjournal.org/0016-9900/issue/view/9612
ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE
Assessment of air pollution based on the analysis of long-term observations in the city of Bratsk
Abstract
Introduction. The problem of monitoring air quality and health risk remains important.
The aim is to study the long-term dynamics of air pollution in Bratsk in order to improve the monitoring system and prevent impact on the population.
Materials and methods. The dynamics of emissions and the integral indicator of air pollution “P” in Bratsk for 1984–2018 was studied.
Results. Emissions decreased by 2 times in 1984–2018, the minimum level was observed in 1995–2005. The trend in “P” is associated with the emissions (rxy = 0.76, p = 0.000). The concentrations of 3,4-benz(a)pyrene, carbon disulfide made main contribution to the “P” value. An increase in the content of 3,4-benz(a)pyrene has been recorded since 2015. The city population is at risk for respiratory, immune, bone, and central nervous system disorders; the formation of systemic pathology and additional deaths.
Limitations. Gross emissions were estimated according to statistical reports with certain errors, monitoring programs for the concentrations of chemicals recorded at various observation posts and changed in different years.
Conclusion. In Bratsk, several districts can be distinguished, differing in the level of pollution by 2–3 times, due to meteorological conditions for dispersion and urban planning features. The presented experience can be useful in the implementation and evaluation of the effectiveness of the national project “Ecology”.
Contribution:
Efimova N.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Rukavishnikov V.S. — the concept and design of the study, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 17, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: August 30, 2022
998-1003
Assessment of the influence of the composition of atmospheric microparticles on redox homeostasis of alveolar macrophages
Abstract
Introduction. The components and dimensions of suspended particulate matter (SPM) depend on territory, the sources of generation.
The aim is to assess the relationship between the quality and dispersed composition of atmospheric SPMs with oxidative and antioxidant processes in alveolar macrophages.
Materials and methods. The impact of actual multi component pollution of the surface layer of atmospheric air on alveolar macrophages (AMs) of Wistar rats was modelled. Correlations between the characteristics of AMs and pollution were assessed using the Spearman correlation coefficient.
Results. The predominant contribution of the quality characteristics of SPM has been founded. The effect of the dispersed composition increases with an increase of the finely dispersed particles fraction. Metal particles have caused oxidative damage to lipids, with the formation of stable lipid products. The antioxidant system (AOS) has been characterized by the activation of compensatory response. Mineral components have caused irreversible oxidative damage to lipid and protein compounds, activating the thioredoxin formation. Soot particles have showed the most pathogenic effect, leading to oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. The AOS stress was accompanied by an increase in the formation of oxidized glutathione and thioredoxin, which performs restoration of proteins and DNA.
Limitations. Our study characterizes the response of the AMs of a particular territory.
Conclusion. The established tendencies characterize the impact of composition of SPMs of the urban atmospheric on AMs. The study made it possible to identify the most sensitive criteria for the response of AMs upon contact with atmospheric SPMs (thioredoxin, protein carbonyl, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine).
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Vladivostok branch of the Far Eastern Scientific Centre of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration – Scientific Research Institute of Medical Climatology and Rehabilitation Treatment, conducted in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experiments or for other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union 2010/63/EC dated September 22, 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.
Contribution:
Barskova L.S. — the concept and design of the study, the collection and processing of material;
Vitkina T.I. — the concept and design of the study, the collection and processing of material;
Veremchuk L.V. — statistical processing;
Gvozdenko T.A. — collection of literature data, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
All authors are responsible for the writing of the text, editing, approval of the final version of the article.
Acknowledgement. The authors are grateful to PhD, Assoc.prof., N.E. Zyumchenko, PhD, Assoc. prof. N.P. Tokmakova, MD, PhD, DSci., Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Education K.S. Golokhvast.
The study had no sponsorship.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Received: May 30, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1004-1010
Hygienic assessment of manganese content in household and drinking water supply sources of the Vladimir region
Abstract
Introduction. One of the most important tasks to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population of the Vladimir region is to provide it with high-quality drinking water. Due to the territory of the region to be partially associated with known hydrogeochemical anomalies of excess manganese content in groundwater, a hygienic assessment of the water of economic and drinking sources was carried out according to the content of this element.
Materials and methods. The paper presents the data of own research of the Department of Biology and Ecology of the Vladimir State University named after A.G. and N.G. Stoletov for 2021. During this period, the authors of the work examined about 110 samples of water from the household and drinking centralized and non-centralized water supply of the Vladimir region. Water samples were taken in the largest settlements (these are district centers, regional cities and large district settlements) and from drinking water sources of individual farms located in the territory of the region in various districts. The manganese content in water was determined on the analyzer “Fluorat-02-5M” according to HDPE F 14.1:2:4.188-02.
Results. The drinking water of the centralized water supply of the Vladimir region in terms of manganese content was established to meet regulatory requirements and be safe for the health of the resident population. In all samples of drinking water, the concentration of manganese is below 0.1 mg/dm3. At the same time, water from underground sources of non-centralized water supply has in some cases an excess of manganese (from 2 to 7 MPC), which is primarily due to the specifics of the geochemical composition of the water-bearing rocks of these territories.
Conclusion in order to provide the population of territories using underground water with a high content of manganese, it is necessary to build local modular water treatment plants using modern methods of non-reactive de-ironing and demanganation and using effective modern equipment and filtering materials.
Contribution:
Trifonova T.A. — the concept and design of the study, the final design;
Selivanov O.G. — data processing, text writing;
Martsev A.A. — material collection and data processing, statistical processing, text writing;
Kurbatov Yu.N. — laboratory research.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: March 9, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1011-1017
Assessment of the content of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil of the city of Svirsk, Irkutsk region
Abstract
Introduction. One of the environmental problems is the contamination of soil cover with toxicants. The soil performs the functions of a biological absorber, destroyer and neutralizer of various contaminants, it has the most important role in the life of society.
The aim of the study is to assess the quantitative content of mobile forms of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the soil in the urbanized territory of the Irkutsk region on the example of the city of Svirsk.
Materials and methods. Content of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the soil of Svirsk, selected in various parts of the city (multi-storey buildings, private sector, industrial zone, forest park zone) and in the background point outside the city was studied. The determination of heavy metals was carried out by atomic absorption spectrometry, PAH — by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Results. The levels of metals in the soil samples varied within 2.9–366.7 mg/kg for lead; 0.82–3.1 mg/kg for copper; 0.2–36.0 mg/kg for zinc; 3.5–67.9 mg/kg for iron; 65.5–149.7 mg/kg for manganese; 0.12–4.8 mg/kg for chromium and 0.04–0.28 mg/kg for cadmium. The content of benzo(a)pyrene and the amount of PAHs ranged from 1.1 to 387.3 and from 61 to 4600 µg/kg, respectively.
Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to the need for further study of the content of these pollutants in biological media.
Conclusion. Maximum allowable values were found to be exceeded in 90.9% of samples for lead (maximum excesses were 52.4–61.1 MPC), in 72.7% of samples for benzo(a)pyrene (maximum excesses were 9.1–19.4 MPC), as well as single excesses for copper (1.03 MPC) and zinc (1.3 and 1.6 MPC).
Compliance with ethical standards: the study does not require submission of the Biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Merinov A.V. — literature data collection, research, material processing, statistical calculation, text writing;
Alekseenko A.N. — collection of materials, research, material processing;
Shayakhmetov S.F. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Zhurba O.M. — editing, material processing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The work was carried out within the funds allocated to fulfill the state task of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.
Received: June 6, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1018-1022
Pandemic COVID-19 and environmental pollution (literature review)
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to review and analyze the literature on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment and, conversely, on the environmental impact on the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
The literature search was carried out using the MedLine, PubMed and eLIBRARY databases.
Thanks to measures to combat the COVID-19 pandemic, the world experienced a sharp decline in economic activity, which in turn led to improvements in air and water quality and contributed to the global reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, but this improvement was short-lived. Quarantine measures not only protect the population from COVID-19, but also positively affect the environmental quality. At the same time, the amount of plastic medical waste, such as used public and personal protective equipment against COVID-19, increased, and as a result, the problem of their disposal arose. This has led to the contamination of the water and land physical spaces and created the population contamination threat. Using the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA from urban wastewater and subsequent counting of viral RNAs by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, an early determination of COVID-19 was carried out by modelling in specific populations. The presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in wastewater is a potential public health risk. High levels of environmental pollution (long-term exposure to derivatives of fossil fuel combustion), meteorological parameters (ionizing and UV radiation), and cigarette smoke, are considered to be additional factors increasing the spread and mortality of COVID-19.
The SARS-CoV-2 viability depends on aquatic and terrestrial environmental parameters.
Contribution:
Sizova E.N. — writing a text, collection of literature data, editing;
Shmakova L.N. — editing;
Vidyakina E.V. — collection of literature data.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The investigation was not sponsored
Received: May 4, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1023-1028
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
Hematological parameters in workers of water supply facilities of petrochemical enterprises
Abstract
Introduction. One of the major petrochemical complexes of the Republic of Bashkortostan is Limited liability company (LLC) «Gazprom Neftekhim Salavat». The normal operation of industrial enterprises requires the use of large volumes of water. Its water supply, water disposal, waste disposal, reclamation of sludge reservoirs, equipment repair, cleaning of oil sludge reservoirs is provided by LLC «PromVodoKanal». The main technological personnel are wastewater treatment operators, process plant operators, pumping plant operators, chemical analysis laboratory assistants, commodity operators. Their work is associated with exposure to harmful and / or dangerous production factors.
Objective. Search and substantiation of laboratory markers of early health disorders in workers of water supply facilities of petrochemical enterprises.
Materials and methods. Hygienic and clinical laboratory studies were carried out among workers of the main occupations of the «PromVodoKanal» station who have contact with various harmful derivative factors. A complex of hematological and biochemical research methods was used in the work.
Results. A comparative analysis of the frequency of occurrence of deviations of hematological parameters from the norm in all examined (occupational) groups was carried out. A laboratory study showed that hematological parameters are characterized by an increased content of hemoglobin, erythrocytes, and hematocrit. Changes in the mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and thrombocytes count, were detected in every fifth worker. Over the years of work, the share of workers with high levels of glucose and cholesterol increases markedly, the correlation of which reaches from 0.90 to 0.97.
Limitations. The article has limitations on the scientific study of working conditions, as periodic medical examinations are carried out by occupational pathologists.
Conclusions. Red blood values are specific markers of workers’ health problems and require special attention during periodic medical examinations.
Compliance with ethical standards. The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki 2000. Minutes of the meeting of the BEC dated March 10, 2022, No. 01-03.
Patient consent. Each participant of the study gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal "Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)".
Contribution:
Karamova L.M. — concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Vlasova N.V. — collection and processing of material, writing the text;
Gainullina M.K. — editing;
Masyagutova L.M. — work with literary sources.
All authors — approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 25, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1029-1034
The role of microcirculation in the conducting structures of the nervous system in patients with vibration disease burdened by metabolic syndrome
Abstract
Introduction. The study of microcirculation processes in peripheral nerve damage remains a necessary area of experimental and clinical research, because the microvascular bed is one of the most important systems in which the disease manifests itself in the early stages.
The aim of the study is to identify the role of microcirculation disorders in the state of central and peripheral conductive structures in patients with vibration disease (VD) associated with combined exposure to general and local vibration, and burdened with metabolic syndrome (MS) and diabetes mellitus (DM).
Materials and methods. Group 1 included patients with VD associated with combined exposure to general and local vibration, group 2 — persons diagnosed with VD, burdened with MS, group 3 — with a diagnosis of VD, burdened with DM. At the 1st stage of the study, basal blood flow was studied, at the 2 nd stage — load functional tests (respiratory and occlusive). The state of sensory and motor axons of the nervous system was determined.
Results. In patients of the examined groups, there was proved a relationship between the indicators of the state of peripheral nerves and central structures with the indicators of microcirculation, the state of the myogenic level of regulation, with the index of specific oxygen consumption and the index of relative perfusion oxygen saturation in the microcirculation. In patients with VD, burdened with MS and DM, an association was found between changes in axons with an indicator of the intensity of functioning of the regulatory systems of the microvascular bed, indicators of the levels of active regulation of microcirculation (myogenic, neurogenic and endothelial) and indicators characterizing the dynamic state of the microcirculation system.
Limitations. The disadvantage of the study is the fact that the parameters of the microcirculation system determined in the peripheral departments were extrapolated to the central structures, and were not determined in the capillary network of the brain.
Conclusion. Changes in the microcirculatory bed were established to be a link in the pathogenesis of demyelination processes in VB associated with the combined effects of general and local vibration, and vibration disease burdened with MS and DM.
Compliance with ethical standards. The studies were carried out after the subjects signed an informed consent, drawn up in accordance with the principles given in the declaration “Ethical principles for conducting scientific medical research involving humans”, adopted with amendments in 2008 in Helsinki, and “Rules of Clinical Practice in the Russian Federation”, Order of the Ministry of Health RF No. 266 dated June 19, 2003. The text of the informed consent was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee in due course. The conducted studies could not lead to infringement of the rights of the subjects of the survey, cause harm to health, or jeopardize the well-being of patients. Conclusion of the Medical Expert Comission of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “East Siberian Institute of Medical and Environmental Research” No. 32 is dated 09/10/2019.
Contribution:
Rusаnova D.V. — the concept and design of the research, collection and processing of the material, writing and editing of the article, editing;
Kuks A.N. — the concept and design of the research, the collection and processing of the material, the writing and design of the article, editing;
Lakhman О.L. — research concept and design, editing;
Slivnitsyna N.V. — the concept and design of the study, writing an article, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: June 30, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1035-1042
Risk factors for the development of comorbid diseases of occupational bronchopulmonary pathology
Abstract
Introduction. Сomorbid diseases in patients with occupational bronchopulmonary pathology determines the severity of the underlying disease.
The purpose was to identify risk factors for the development of concomitant diseases in occupational bronchopulmonary pathology in aluminum production workers.
Materials and methods. One hundred thirty men with an occupational pathology including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), bronchial asthma (BA), chronic non-obstructive bronchitis (CNB) and their combination were examined. Inclusion criteria – male gender, age from 43 years to 72 years, established diagnosis of an occupational disease of the lower respiratory tract. The assessment of the significance of risk factors was carried out using the Bayesian method. Risk factors were taken: the patient’s occupation: total work experience, work experience in aluminum production, age, smoking. The odds ratio for the development of comorbid pathology (OR (CI)) was calculated.
Results. Concomitant pathology was detected in 97% of patients. The informativity of risk factors is presented as a series: occupation < age < total experience < experience in aluminum production < smoking. The OR of two comorbid diseases is higher in COPD patients (OR=10.8) and COPD+BA (OR=15.0). The risk of one comorbid disease is higher in CNB patients.
Limitations. The results cannot be generalized to workers as the group included only men.
Conclusion. The risk of two or more comorbid diseases is typical for patients with COPD or a combination of COPD+BA; electrolysis workers and persons working in various workshops; with more than 25 years of experience; currently continuing to smoke.
Compliance with ethical standards. In accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Association “Ethical principles for conducting scientific medical research involving humans” (as amended in 2008), “Rules of clinical practice in the Russian Federation” (approved by the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation of 19.06.2003 No. 266) studies were conducted with the informed consent of the subjects, approved in the prescribed manner by the Committee on Biomedical Ethics. The research did not infringe on the rights, did not endanger the well-being of the subjects, did not harm their health.
Contribution of the authors:
Beigel E.A. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Katamanova E.V., Efimova N.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text, design and editing of the article.
All authors approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. This work was carried out within the framework of state assignment.
Received: June 15, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1043-1048
Assessment of the carcinogenic risk in workers operating diesel-fueled vehicles
Abstract
Introduction. The strategic goal of healthcare development based on the maximum use of all possible resources is currently the formation of a system that unites medical institutions working within the framework of a single information regulation, a single expert and hygienic control. At the end of the reporting year 2021, the number of patients under dispensary supervision amounted to 3,940,529 people. Of these, the proportion of people of working age is 33.9%. The availability of a developed system of diagnostics and oncological care for the working population should be accompanied by measures to predict the risk of developing oncological pathology.
The purpose of the study. To identify the features of assessing the indicator of carcinogenic risk in workers operating vehicles on diesel fuel.
Materials and methods. The object of the study is employees of locomotive crews carrying out the transportation process on diesel-fueled locomotives (diesel locomotives), with different service life. The list of pollutants entering the air of the working area is determined in accordance with the “EMEP Manual/EEA on the inventory of emissions of pollutants 1.A.3.c. Railways”. Quantitative indices of the concentration of pollutants were obtained by the calculation method (UPRZA) “Ecologist” (version 4.6.7 “Calculation of dispersion taking into account the development of MRR-2017”). The assessment of the pollution level was carried out in accordance with the SanPiN. 1.2.3685–21 “Hygienic standards and requirements for ensuring the safety and (or) harmlessness of environmental factors for humans”. Reference concentrations are determined in accordance with P 2.1.10.1920–04. The calculation of health loss risk indices was carried out in accordance with the Guidelines No. 2.2.1766–03 dated 06/24/2003 and MP 2.1.9.003–03.
Results. Calculations made it possible to determine the amount of pollutants likely to enter the body of employees of locomotive crews operating diesel locomotives with different service life. To establish that the daily dose of pollutants entering the body of workers of locomotive crews operating new locomotives is 7,244 mg/kg, for workers operating diesel locomotives after major repairs 1.1368 mg/kg. Some of the analyzed substances have a carcinogenic effect. The calculation of the carcinogenic risk showed that when working on locomotives with a long service life and undergoing major repairs, the risk is 5.2∙10–3, which indicates that 52 additional cases of cancer per 10,000 employees of locomotive crews are likely to form annually in such a group. When operating new diesel locomotives, the carcinogenic risk is 3.8∙10–3, i.e. 38 additional cases of cancer per 10,000 employees of locomotive crews (1.5 times less).
Limitations. Features of calculations of pollutants in the air of the working area for various types of vehicles.
Conclusion. The gain in the number of people with oncological pathology, a fairly large proportion of whom are of working age, implies not only the creation of an advanced system of diagnosis and medical care for cancer patients, but also the improvement of measures for predicting the risk of developing oncological pathology. A promising direction for improving the method of assessing the indicator of carcinogenic risk in workers operating diesel-fueled vehicles (railway, automobile, marine) is to take into account the full list of pollutants entering the air of the working area with exhaust gases. Currently, only substances with a predominant mass fraction in emissions are accounted for. At the same time, a complex of heavy metal compounds and poly aromatic hydrocarbons has a carcinogenic effect, which are practically not controlled in the air of the working area due to the complexity of sampling and the high cost of analytical studies. This problem can be solved by using the calculation method, an example of which is given in this paper.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Kopytenkova O.I. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, writing a text;
Dubrovskaya E.N., Levanchuk L.A. — collection of literature data, collection and processing of material, editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: July 18, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1049-1053
Risk of low back pain among Indonesian volcano sulfur miners: a retrospective cohort study
Abstract
Introduction. Kawah Ijen is the main volcano sulfur-producing in Indonesia. There is still a lot of conventional Sulfur mining going on there. Every day, Sulfur miners work walking about 8.5 km to transport Sulfur weighing 70–100 kilograms using simple transporters that are only held on one shoulder to the Sulfur collection site. The health problem that is the focus of this study is the incidence of low back pain (LBP) in volcano sulfur miners.
Aims and objectives. This study aims to determine the magnitude of the risk of low back pain in sulfur miners to prevent occupational diseases.
Materials and methods. This research was carried out for three months. This study adopted a retrospective cohort study design. The research sample amounted to 140 respondents taken by simple random sampling. The data collection technique was carried out by interview and lasegue test and Patrick’s test to see the respondents’ positive or negative of low back pain. Data analysis was carried out using rank spearmen test.
Results. The results showed a relationship between the incidence of low back pain in the community and work (p-value < 0.000). Indonesian volcano sulfur miners are 5,032 times more at risk of low back pain than other public workers.
Conclusion. Volcano Sulfur Miners are more at risk of experiencing low back pain than other occupations.
Conflict of interest: the authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment: this study was conducted with support from the Public health faculty, Jember University and Airlangga University, Indonesia.
Received: March 29, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1054-1057
Application of the Intensity Normalization Indicators method for predicting occupational morbidity in leading industries
Abstract
Introduction. Identification of risk factors for the occurrence of occupational diseases by comparing various prognostic criteria is one of the most important tasks of hygiene and occupational health.
The purpose of the study is to develop a prognostic matrix of occupational morbidity (OM) in the leading industries of the Irkutsk region for a set of main predictor factors using the method of intensity normalization indicators (INI).
Materials and methods. There was used an information array of long-term OM in the leading industries of the Irkutsk region. The method of calculating weight indices was used to assess the strength of the influence of OM predictor factors and the INI method was used to calculate the prognostic significance of the factors.
Results. The risk of occupational disease (OD) has been established to be associated with belonging to a certain occupation (OR=61.8), combined exposure to harmful factors in the working environment (OR=23.8), due to the imperfection of the technological process and equipment. The work experience with a harmful occupational factor, the age of employee, the industry are also significant, but the degree of their influence on the occurrence of OD is much lower. Based on the predictor factors, the risk of OD was calculated, its possible range (0.019–0.412 conventional units) with three subranges (favourable, uncertain and unfavourable prognosis) was determined. The risks of OD in persons with a work experience of 1–4 years, under the age of 40, exposed to the combined effects of physical factors, working as excavator driver and an assembler-riveter, were 0.269 and 0.226 (uncertain forecast). The risk values of OD in workers of these occupations increase by 24.4% and 29.1%, respectively, with an increase in length of service and age, reaching a maximum at the age of 50–59 years with an work experience of 30 or more years (0.334 and 0.292, unfavourable prognosis). The limitations of this INI model include the non-inclusion of clinical, functional, biochemical and socio-psychological indicators of workers among the predictor factors.
Limitations. An analysis of one thousand eight hundred sixty two cases of newly diagnosed occupational diseases over a 10-year period, 11 main predictor factors, which is a sufficient reference sample, was made to study occupational morbidity in the leading industries of the Irkutsk region and developing a prognostic matrix.
Conclusion. The use of INI makes it possible to give an integrated risk assessment of the OD both for individual factors and for their complex, and to determine risk groups.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the Biomedical Ethical Committee.
Contribution:
Kuleshova M.V. — concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing text, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Pankov V.A. — concept and design of the study, collection of material, editing, approval of the final version of the article, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article;
Dyakovich M.P. — concept and design of the study, statistical processing, writing text, responsibility for the integrity of all parts of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The work was performed within the funds allocated for the implementation of the State task for the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research.
Received: July 27, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1058-1064
Workplace stress: the main causes and preventive measures (literature review)
Abstract
Today stress is one of the most common pathological conditions. Associated with the stress, it’s level, anxiety, depression, and burnout syndrome are still increasing and lead to the spread of psychological maladaptation and borderline states.
Working population is under continuous exposure not only to social, but also occupational stress, which creates a financial burden for institutions and whole society. This review outlines the main directions of studying the impact of work-related stress on the workers’ body and examines the main occupations affected by stress and prevention as well.
Literature search was carried out among databases including Scopus, Web of Science, MedLine, CyberLeninka, RSCI.
The workers of dangerous occupations (transport drivers, locomotive crews, law enforcement, firefighters, rescuers), managers, working migrants, and healthcare workers are most susceptible to occupational stress.
The number of people suffering from bad habits increases due to work-related stress as well. Workers use nicotine, alcohol, caffeine, sleeping pills and narcotic drugs as a negative way to overcome stress and its consequences. A special focus has been put on the influence of occupational stress on diseases development due to hazardous working conditions and features of work process management such as shift work and “emotional labour”. Furthermore, there are presented main directions of preventive measures to reduce the level of industrial stress.
Contribution:
Fagamova A.Z. — concept and design of the review, data collection and processing, writing text, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts;
Kaptsov V.A. — concept and design of the review, writing text, editing;
Karimova L.K. — concept and design of the review, writing text, editing;
Shapoval I.V., Muldasheva N.A. — editing.
All co-authors — approval of the final version of the article.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The investigation was not sponsored.
Received: May 31, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1065-1071
FOOD HYGIENE
Comparative nutritional characteristics in schoolchildren with different nutritional status
Abstract
Aim. To assess the state of actual nutrition of children of early and middle school age with different nutritional status in the industrial center of Eastern Siberia.
Materials and methods. The study included five hundred forty children, such as 145 7–10 years children in group I, 395 11–14 years children in group II. The criteria for dividing into subgroups were based on calculating the Z-scores of the body mass index by age. Analysis of the obtained results was performed using generally accepted statistical methods.
Results. Analysis of the study results indicated a suboptimal ratio of nutrient critical for population health, protein, carbohydrate, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), omega-3 (ω-3), fat surplus, saturated fatty acids and added sugar. Dietary patterns of boys with high BMI had large values of the proportion of saturated fatty acids to total calories, which exceeded optimal physiological norms in group I by 52.22% and in group II by 37.68%. Girls of group I with a high BMI had a greater value of the proportion of added sugar to the calorie content of the food diet — 74.63%.
Limitations of the study. Dietary information was obtained through questionnaires, all information was obtained from a one-moment examination.
Conclusion. Some of the factors associated with impaired nutriome formation in the study children were imbalance in dietary patterns and surplus added sugars, which demonstrates the need to improve nutrition strategies at the regional level based on current meta-analyses.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical committee of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research (Protocol No. 32 of 10.09.2019).
Patient consent. Each participant of the study (or his/her legal representative) gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal "Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)".
Contribution:
Bogdanova O.G. — study concept and design, material collection and processing, statistical processing of data, data analysis and interpretation, text writing, editing, responsibility for the integrity of all parts;
Efimova N.V. — research concept and design, data analysis and interpretation, addition to the first version of the article, final approval;
Mylnikova I.V. — material collection and processing, final approval.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 23, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1072-1079
HYGIENE OF CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
The analysis of students' attitude to healthy lifestyle and reproductive health care
Abstract
Introduction. In connection with low competency of young people in the issue of life safety it is relevant to analyze entirely the students` attitude to healthy lifestyle. Also it is important to assess the students` knowledge about reproductive health and ways of keeping it well.
Materials and methods. The authors undertook questionnaire method and asked anonymously seven hundred sixty three students of Samara National Research University. Survey consists of 38 questions regarding students` age, leisure time, academic performance and influence of the process of education on health, family social status, attitude to sport, psychoactive substances. Also students were asked about their knowledge of healthy lifestyle components, sexually transmitted infections, possibility of prevention and contraception.
Results. The authors found out that young men do sports more often than girls. Also boys use more often cold training and eat regularly. Every tenth girl has a lack sleep, sleep duration is less than 5–6 hours. 30% of boys and girls drink alcohol two or three times a month, 35% of students smoke. 12.45% of young people (men and women) experimented with drugs. Peculiarities of students`sexual behaviour are early beginning of sexual intercourse and frequent changing of sexual partners. The authors revealed low level of students` knowledge about contraception, sexually transmitted infections and its sequela, preventive measures.
Limitations. Only students of Samara National Research University were involved into this investigation except students of Biology Faculty (because they are more informed in the field of healthy life style and reproductive health) and students who do sports professionally or who have chronic diseases.
Conclusion. The problem of reproductive health care and primary prevention of sexually transmitted infections can`t be solved only by medical staff. Сorrection of risky behaviour is an interdisciplinary challenge that demands comprehensive approach focused on group and social norm changing. Universities must play an important role in this issue making it possible for professors to have classes of academic discipline such as «Family health», « Fundamentals of Medicine» where qualified professors with higher medical education can discuss with students the issue of reproductive behavior.
Compliance with ethical standards. The research is based on information that is given by student volunteers according to bioethical principles that are mentioned in Declaration of Helsinki elaborated by World Medical Association (confirmed by protocol number 3 of session on bioethics of Faculty of Biology of Samara National Research University dated June 20, 2020).
Consent of participants. Each participant of the study gave informed voluntary written consent to participate in the study and publish personal medical information in an impersonal form in the journal "Gigiena i Sanitariya (Hygiene and Sanitation, Russian journal)".
Contribution:
Kretova I.G. — the idea and research design, writing text, editing;
Belyaeva O.V. — data collecting, carrying out a survey among the students;
Vedyasova O.A. — analyzing of experimental data, writing text;
Pavlenko S.I. — carrying out a survey among the students, statistical processing and results analyzing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The investigation was not sponsored
Received: May 10, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1080-1085
Assessment of the risk associated with chemical pollution of air environment of sports facilities for children’s health
Abstract
Introduction. Acute and chronic exposure to chemicals is accompanied by a complex of disorders in the activity of the respiratory, immune and other systems.
Purpose is to assess the health risk to children from short-term exposure to pollutants in air of out- and indoor sports facilities.
Materials and methods. The air quality of ice arenas, sports halls for martial arts and sports halls in schools was studied using maximum samples; out-door air — according to the average monthly and maximum concentrations registered in 2017–2021. The risks of acute exposure for indoor and outdoor sports facilities are calculated.
Results. Against the background of a single excess of the maximum one-time (in gyms) and average monthly (in the atmosphere) concentrations of chemicals, risks to the health of children involved in sports were identified. The maximum share contribution to hazard index (HI) for the respiratory system in the air of the ice arena is made by formaldehyde (58.3%), in school halls — by suspended solids (47.3%). The seasonal dynamics of pollution is revealed, which confirms the importance of thermal power emissions. The maximum Hazard Quotient (HQ) РМ10 = 3.1–3.9 is established in winter, and in summer it is 3–4 times lower. The content of PM2.5 in the air is responsible for the extremely high risk in May (HQ = 12.5). The limitation of the results is due to the lack of indoor studies and insufficient knowledge on the impact of acute health effects.
Limitations the results are due to the small number of indoor studies and insufficient knowledge about the impact of acute health outcomes.
Conclusion. Further study of the short-term effects of indoor and outdoor air pollution from sports facilities is needed.
Compliance with ethical standards: the study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the East-Siberian Institute of Medical and Ecological Research (conclusion of the LEC No. 1 of January 27, 2022).
Contribution:
Efimova N.V. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Mylnikova I.V. — statistical data processing, text writing;
Kudaev A.N. — organization of research, collection of material, writing the text.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: June 17, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: August 30, 2022
1086-1092
PREVENTIVE TOXICOLOGY AND HYGIENIC STANDARTIZATION
Evaluation of the genotoxicity of the food dye Sunset Yellow FCF in a micronucleus test in vivo
Abstract
Introduction. Sunset Yellow food azo dye (E110) is actively used to impart yellow-orange hues to food, pharmacological and cosmetic products. The control of consumption and the quality of the synthetic food dyes themselves, worries researchers from various countries, including the countries producing this segment of food additives, which are also used in the domestic food industry. Therefore, the safety assessment of azo dyes, including genotoxicity, is relevant.
Materials and methods. Genotoxicity of the Sunset Yellow (produced in India, purity being 90,46%) was studied in the micronucleus test on bone marrow cells (hybrids F1 CBA × C57Bl6/j) in male mice. The test sample was injected twice into mice stomach in the dose range of 250–2000 mg/kg. The frequency of polychromatophilic erythrocytes (PCEs) with micronuclei was estimated by analysis of 4000 PCEs. The proportion of PCEs among all erythrocytes was determined by analyzing of 500 cells per animal.
Results. No change in the proportion of PCEs was observed with the introduction of Sunset Yellow over the entire range of doses studied. We revealed a significant increase in the frequency of PCE with micronuclei over the parallel negative control at the maximum dose, going beyond the upper 95% CI of the accumulated negative control, a linear dependence of the effect on the dose.
Limitations. The data obtained do not allow us to determine the mechanism of the genotoxic action of the test substance.
Conclusion. The studied sample of Sunset Yellow food colouring under conditions of double injection showed poor cytogenetic activity in vivo micronucleus test on bone marrow cells in mice.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the local ethical committee of the Research Institute of EDiTO of the N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, carried out under the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS N 123), Directive of the European Parlimicronuclei ament and Council of the European Union 2010/63/EU of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes.
Contribution:
Akhaltseva L.V. — cytome analysis, search for literature sources, analysis of literature, writing a text;
Yurchenko V.V. — concept and design of the study, work with animals, preparation of preparations for cytome analysis, statistical analysis, analysis of literature, writing a text;
Yurtseva N.A. — work with animals, preparation of preparations for cytome analysis, cytome analysis, search for literature sources;
Konyashkina M.A. — work with animals, preparation of preparations for cytome analysis; search for literature sources, analysis of literature.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The work was carried out within the framework of the state task «Complex system for assessing the genotoxicity of food additives» Centre for Strategic Planning of FMBA of Russia.
Received: July 26, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1093-1097
The assessment of the antihypoxic properties of the complex compound of oxymethyluracil with acetylcysteine in the model of histotoxic hypoxia
Abstract
Introduction. Oxymethyluracil is an effective antihypoxant in a model of histotoxic hypoxia. Acetylcysteine combines the properties of a toxicotropic nonspecific and toxicokinetic antidote, promotes the synthesis of glutathione in the body.
The aim of the research was a preliminary assessment of the antihypoxic properties of the complex compound of oxymethyluracil with acetylcysteine in the model of histotoxic hypoxia.
Materials and methods. To study the antihypoxic properties, a model of acute histotoxic hypoxia was used. The studied compound was injected into the abdominal cavity of experimental mice three times with an interval of 30 minutes at 100 and 500 mg/kg of body weight, then after 30 minutes the toxicant was introduced. Comparators were oxymethyluracil and acetylcysteine.
Results. The complex compound of oxymethyluracil with acetylcysteine in the model of acute histotoxic hypoxia statistically significantly was established to increase the lifespan of mice at a dose of 500 mg/kg of body weight. A dose of 100 mg/kg of the compound is practically ineffective.
Limitations. The limitations of the study are related with antihypoxic properties of the new complex compound of oxymethyluracil with acetylcysteine previously studied in one model of hypoxia (histotoxic), because oxymethyluracil (as an antihypoxant) is most effective in this experimental model. For a final judgment on the antihypoxic properties of the studied compound, it is necessary to continue studies on other models of hypoxia. In addition, in order to identify possible synergism (potentiation) of the action of oxymethyluracil and acetylcysteine, it seems appropriate to conduct studies to evaluate the antihypoxic effect with their simultaneous administration (in the form of a simple mixture).
Conclusion. A new complex compound of oxymethyluracil with acetylcysteine can be recommended for further wider (preclinical) research as a potential antihypoxant.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study was approved by the Bioethical Commission of the Ufa Research Institute of Occupational Medicine and Human Ecology, conducted in accordance with the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrates Used for Experiments or Other Scientific Purposes (ETS No. 123), Directive 2010/63/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union of 22.09.2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific research goals.
Contribution:
Repina E.F. — the concept and design of the study, writing the text;
Bakirov A.B. — concept and design of the study, editing;
Gimadieva A.R. — synthesis of 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil with N-acetylcysteine;
Karimov D.O. — study concept and design, editing;
Kudoyarov E.R., Timasheva G.V. — data collection and processing, statistical analysis;
Khusnutdinova N.Yu., Baigildin S.S., Smolyankin D.A., Muhammadieva G.F. — collection and processing of material.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The work was carried out at the expense of subsidies for the implementation of a state task within the framework of the sectoral research program of the Federal Service for Supervision in Protection of the Rights of Consumer and Man Wellbeing “Hygienic scientific substantiation of minimizing risks to the health of the population of Russia” for 2016-2020 on topic 3.5, state no. registration AAAA-A16-116022610045-4. The synthesis of the 5-hydroxy-6-methyluracil composition was carried out in accordance with the research plan of the Ufa Institute of Chemistry of the Ufa Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (State Registration No. AAAA-A19-119011790021-4).
Received: May 25, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: August 30, 2022
1098-1102
METHODS OF HYGIENIC AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS
Methodological features of chromato-mass spectrometric identification of organic compounds in the air during landscape fires
Abstract
Introduction. In landscape fires, the question of the nature and character of the formed organic substances remains unexplored. The method of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) has long been used in environmental analysis to identify organic compounds in complex multicomponent mixtures. Depending on the volatility and polarity of the components of organic compounds, air sampling is carried out on a solid sorbent, liquid absorber, fiber filter.
The purpose of this study is to develop a comprehensive procedure for the identification of organic compounds by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with sampling into different absorption media.
Materials and methods. The studies were carried out in laboratory conditions specially created in the smoldering plant, seed chamber, chemical-analytical equipment. Biomass consisting of forest litter was used as a fuel substrate: moss, lichen, tree litter, branches, pieces of bark. An Agilent 5975 gas chromatography-mass spectrometer was used for GC-MS identification. An aspirator, a gas pipette, a Richter absorber with distilled water, and an AFA-HP-20 fiber filter were used to select the air medium. Sample preparation of concentrated air was carried out using microfibre “85 microns Carboxen/PDMS”, thermostat, vials for vapor phase analysis, ultrasonic bath, derivatizing reagent — o-pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine, hexane.
Results. A proposed complex procedure includes sampling into different absorption media, various sample preparation options. Extraction of organic compounds from absorption media was carried out by methods of solid-phase microextraction, derivatization, and liquid extraction. Volatile organic compounds were extracted from a gas bulb by the method of solid-phase microextraction on microfibre“85 microns Carboxen/PDMS”. Aldehydes and ketones were found in distilled water due to the derivatization of o-pentafluorobenzylhydroxylamine. Semi-volatile compounds were detected on the AFA-HP-20 filter due to liquid extraction in ultrasound.
Limitations. The limitations of the study are related to the need to select the products of decay of a sample of forest litter under model conditions.
Conclusion. The identification results showed that the following classes of substances released into the air during the burning of forest litter are present in the maximum amount: aldehydes, phenols, terpenes. The coefficient of coincidence of mass spectra also confirmed by the coincidence of experimental and library retention indices also confirmed by the coincidence of experimental and library retention indices is more than 90%.
Compliance with ethical standards. The study does not require the submission of the conclusion of the Biomedical Ethics Committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Alekseenko A.N. — concept and design of research, material collection and data processing, mathematical processing, text writing;
Zhurba O.M. — material collection and data processing;
Vokina V.A. — material collection and data processing;
Merinov A.V. — mathematical processing;
Shayakhmetov S.F. — text writing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgement. The study had no sponsorship.
Received: May 30, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1103-1110
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
Assessment of risk for the development of non-cancirogenic effects in using water from non-centralized water suppliers in the Tomsk region
Abstract
Introduction. Iron is a widespread element in groundwater, which is used for domestic and drinking water supply. When using waters from non-centralized sources, deironing of waters, as a rule, is not carried out. When such waters are used for drinking purposes, there is a likely risk of negative effects for public health.
Materials and methods. Forty six sources of non-centralized water supply (private wells, water wells, springs) were studied It considered assessing the health risk with oral administration of the components through drinking water into the body.
Results. For single samples in the chemical composition of waters there were determined high contents of total hardness, SO42–, Cl–, NO3–. Waters with Fe and Mn concentrations many times higher than the normative values are widespread. The main non-carcinogenic risk is iron and nitrates, which have been identified as warning and high risk levels. For other components, the values of the hazard coefficient are within the range of the minimum and acceptable levels of risk. The probability of occurrence of negative effects for the children’s age group is possible with an iron content of 5 mg/l and more, for an adult — 11 mg/l and more.
Limitations. The limitation related to the incomplete route of exposure to chemical components, since only one medium (drinking water) and only one route of exposure (oral exposure) was considered on the risk assessment. This study is also limited by the number of water samples.
Conclusion. The health risk associated with high iron content in water has been set for children and adults. For the children’s group (up to 6 years), the risk of developing diseases of non-infectious etiology is significantly higher, than for the adult group, as shown by the results. When iron-containing waters are used for drinking purposes, there is a risk of non-infectious pathologies.
Compliance with ethical standards: this study does not require the submission of review of the biomedical ethics committee or other documents.
Contribution:
Kolubaeva Yu.V. — the concept and design of the study, collection and processing of material, statistical processing, writing a text;
Ivanova I.S. — collection and processing of material, editing;
Shirokova L.S. — editing.
All authors are responsible for the integrity of all parts of the manuscript and approval of the manuscript final version.
Conflict of interest. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Acknowledgment. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation, Project 20-77-10084.
Received: April 22, 2022 / Accepted: August 04, 2022 / Published: September 30, 2022
1111-1118
Регистрационный номер и дата принятия решения о регистрации СМИ: серия ПИ № ФС 77 - 37884 от 02.10.2009.